‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ is an examination of the duality of human nature Essay

Discuss the duality expressed not only in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, but also in other characters. It is believed that there are two parts to a person; good and evil. In most people the good side is stronger and the evil side is repressed. In ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ the repression of Dr Jekyll’s evil side has made it become much stronger and eventually when the evil side is released it takes over and changes the balance of good and evil in Dr Jekyll. The evil side becomes dominant. In the Victorian era science was a very interesting topic as Charles Darwin had just come forth with his theory of evolution and more facts about the evolution of man were being found out. Charles Darwin claimed that humans, over many years of time, had descended from the apes; this shocked many people in Victorian times as they were very religious and strongly believed in God, and felt like any other theory than the one in the Bible was unbelievable. In the novel ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ the duality of human nature is shown as a split of good and evil. Robert Louis Stevenson shows that there are two sides to everyone; this is especially shown in Dr Jekyll. Dr Jekyll has a good side to him that his friends see, he is portrayed as a kind, sensible and well mannered man, but he also has a side of him that wants to break free and not have to be sensible and well mannered. The parts that Hyde is mentioned in the book are usually to do with crime or violence, and anyone who spoke of him felt that there was something strange and eerie about him. Our introduction to Hyde is him trampling a girl on the floor. â€Å"Mr Hyde broke out of all bounds, and clubbed him to the earth.† Hyde is described is compared to an Ape and other animals by many different people, it is almost as if when Jekyll transforms into Hyde he is evolving backwards, becoming more ape-like. Hyde is the personification of Jekyll’s evil side. â€Å"It wasn’t like a man; it was like some damned Juggernaut.† Whereas Dr Jekyll is described as: â€Å"A large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty, with something of a slyish cast perhaps, but every mark of capacity and kindness.† Our introduction to Jekyll is at a dinner party, where he is civilised, sociable and elegant. As Jekyll is such a good man it is strange that he would let a man like Hyde have a key to his house so he may come and go whenever he pleases. Why does Hyde only enter the house through the laboratory door? It is also extraordinary that Jekyll did not mention Hyde to any of his other friends. Mr Utterson and Dr Lanyon have been friends with Dr Jekyll for many years but they both do not appear to have their own key to his house. It is suspicious that Hyde goes into Jekyll’s house in the middle night at comes out with a cheque signed by Dr Jekyll. Is Hyde blackmailing Jekyll? In Victorian times it is highly unlikely that anyone would have guessed that Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde were the same man. This is because they have completely different characteristics and qualities; Hyde is short, whereas Jekyll is tall. But to the modern reader it is in some cases obvious that they are the same man; Hyde and Jekyll are never around at the same time. Other characters in the book who have met Mr Hyde describe him as â€Å"wicked looking† and having â€Å"an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation†. Mr Hyde appears to have some kind strange of aura about him; that makes other people around him nervous and scared. â€Å"He was perfectly cool and made no resistance, but he gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running.† Dr Jekyll, however, seems very sociable and pleasant to look at. But the reader knows that Dr Jekyll has a terrible secret. A secret that is so awful, it cause Dr Lanyon to break their friendship and eventually resulted in Dr Lanyon’s death. â€Å"I am quite done with that person; and I beg that you will spare me any allusion to one whom I regard as dead.† In the novel, before the revelation, Jekyll allows Hyde to become increasingly stronger. Jekyll finds that he cannot control the transformations, and they happen without him taking any of his potions. â€Å"I was slowly losing hold of my original and better self, and becoming slowly incorporated with my second and worse.† Not being able control the transformations means that Dr Jekyll is unable to see anyone, and when Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield see Dr Jekyll at his window, Jekyll begins to transform and has to slam the window shut before the other men see. But Mr Enfield and Mr Utterson did catch a momentary look of what was happening on the other side of the window. â€Å"They saw it but for a glimpse, for the window was instantly thrust down; but that glimpse had been sufficient, and they turned and left the court without a word.† Mr Utterson is a curious character in the novel. His friendship with Mr Enfield is particularly strange. â€Å"It was reported by those who encountered them in their Sunday walks, that they said nothing, looked singularly dull, and would hail with obvious relief the appearance of a friend.† It seems rather odd that the two men would go out every week, but do not seem to like each other. Mr Utterson must have some secrets and strange history that is not mentioned in the novel. â€Å"And though he enjoyed the theatre, he had not crossed the doors of one for twenty years.† Mr Utterson seems to keep himself to himself. He does not talk about his feelings and thoughts or his past, and to Mr Enfield he hardly talks at all. Yet when Mr Utterson has a drink at a dinner party â€Å"something eminently human beaconed from his eye†, this may be some part of him that wants to be expressed and let loose and he is just managing to repress it. After the revelation Dr Jekyll claims that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two.† He thinks that every soul contains two parts; good and evil. But one is always dominant. In the case of Dr Jekyll it appeared that the good side was the dominant side but after the transformations it was realised that really the evil side was dominant, and had somehow become stronger than the good side by being repressed for all those years. The novel ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ shows a lot of different sides of the duality of human nature; good and evil, right and wrong. These differences are shown in many of the characters in the novel. The book emphasises the goodness of Dr Jekyll and evilness of Mr Hyde, however is also points to Mr Utterson and Dr Lanyon who both display moments when they too have unstable characters.

Expository Essay on Exercise and Obesity Essay

Some say that a decreased amount of sleep time can be associated with the increase of body fat. Insomnia or sleep apnea or even RLS (restless sleep syndrome) are just three out of many different types serious sleep that can also in fact lead to all kinds of increased risk several other chronic health problems. Multiple studies have explained the sudden impulse of these sleep disorders and the links its shares on obesity, these are very important links in contemplating the relationship between sleep disorders obesity. Physical fitness and good eating habits are important prognostic tools in obesity and chronic disease; there are several studies that have examined the likeness between obesity, sleep disorders, and exercise. It also explains how different sleep disorders may impact the physical fitness regimen responses and how extremely overweight may impact lifestyles of the patients with regard to sleep disorders will also be reviewed. (Hargens, 2013) (Nature & Science of sleep. 2013 Vol 5 p,27-35. 9p. The explanation to these issues include better understanding of the medical community, However, it does still remain brainless about these ailment processes of work out and sleep destitute patients. For the most part doctors recommend medications with side effects that include insomnia and weight gain instead of giving out information to their patients that help them to get better standard of living improvement. This often entails exceptional doctors’ with outstanding management such as medication with no negative side effects. [ (hargens, 2013) ] Many studies have established the link between sleep deficiency and both obesity and even the illness called diabetes. By getting a good work out may improve sleep destitute patients and their daily functions, additionally to gaining weight and metabolism function. Obesity has been a main part in the connection with SC and DC in women, and DC in men. (Grandner) April 24 2013 The resolution to these issues contain better understanding of the health community, However, it does still continues to be dense about these ailment process of obesity. exercise and sleep destitute patients.

English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay

English Views of Native Americans during Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World During the 16th and 17th century, as settlers from Europe continued to flock to the New World, technologies were being introduced that affected English views of Native Americans and how they saw Catholic, or more specifically, Spanish treatment of the Natives. Many countries wanted superiority in the Americas and to do that they needed more colonists and support from their homelands. To accomplish these goals different means were employed. For England, the New World settlements served a variety of purposes. To secure investors through stock purchases by showing them they would be well rewarded, attract new colonists, and to expand Protestantism in the New World to combat the Catholic movement in the Americas (text 38). Helping in these goals were new technologies that created some of the first propaganda. Many people in Europe feared the Native Americans, thinking of them as savage and uncivilized. Unrest and this fear among the people probably caused many to avoid even entertaining the thought of transplanting themselves and their family to an unknown continent. In 1588 Thomas Harriot published the first pamphlet about life in the New World. Describing great weather, fruitful land, and a wealth of goods these writings encouraged people to travel across the Atlantic. Along with him, painter John White, portrayed the Native Americans as a peaceful people that could easily coexist with Europeans. Taking liberties from these paintings, Theodore de Bry, a protestant from Belgium, made copperplate engravings of civilized Indians. These pictures and views of the Natives had a widespread appeal across England and alleviated fears of the New World which encouraged more settlers to take the voyage and more investors to purchase stock in colonizing companies. One of the biggest battles in the New World was between Catholic and Protestants to control the Americas. During this time Spain was the envy of Europe. With a large navy they were one of the most powerful armies in the world, wealthy, and boasted many colonies in the New World. Several countries, especially England, looked upon Spain with disdain. England being a Protestant country and Spain Catholic did nothing but increase the tension. Public opinion was very important in this power struggle. In 1598 Theodore de Bry republished Bartolome de Casa’s â€Å"Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (text 38-39)† which helped win supporters for the Protestant movement and England’s prerogative in the Americas. Originally this book was written in 1541 about Spanish mistreatment of the Indians. De Casa’s writing along with de Bry’s graphic illustrations horrified people of the torture and killing of Indians by the Spaniards. The Protestants saw the Catholics as agents of the devil who needed to be purged from society in the New World. Ironically this thinking was hypocritical as almost all countries, including England, mistreated the Native Americans throughout colonization and for centuries to come. Many travel accounts were written over the years that portrayed a frightening and exciting New World to the Europeans. While most of these accounts were written based on opinion and very little facts, they had an important place among society and were very powerful in swaying people’s opinions about Native Americans, the New World, and rival European nations. New technologies of publishing and illustrating at the time helped spread these documents ideas and opinions faster than ever and we saw for possibly the first time ever a propaganda war.

Compare and Contrast the benefits of shopping online rather than Essay

Compare and Contrast the benefits of shopping online rather than shopping in a store - Essay Example Therefore, the storage cost of products are eliminated which will help the online stores in providing better deals to the customers. Better Choice: Compared to a retail store there are ample choices available online. A retail store has limitation of space for storage of products. But there is no such limitation in the case of online store. Therefore, various products will be listed in the online store among which the customers can choose the best of their choice. Product Comparison: This is one feature of an online store that cannot be provided by an actual retail store. Customized product comparisons are available to a customer through online stores. Products can be compared based on price, features, quality and many other product attributes. Product Feedback: On many online stores, the user feedbacks and ratings for a product will be available. A feedback and rating given by a customer is very much helpful for the next customer in the online store. This feature is unavailable in a retail outlet. More time for Shopping: In the case of online shopping, customers can spend more time for shopping compared to that of shopping in a retail outlet. Shopping online is least tiresome. Therefore, there are enough and more time for the customers to make the best product

COURS WORK FOR INTERPERSONAL SKILLS MANAGEMENT Coursework - 1

COURS WORK FOR INTERPERSONAL SKILLS MANAGEMENT - Coursework Example Not only that, team performance and development are very important aspects of business, in terms of productivity, performance and profits. Thus, in the case of corporate activities, it is not only individual brilliance that matters but also the entire group endeavors, perhaps constituting a medley of capable, not so capable and average individuals who constitute the membership of team. Thus team leaders are responsible not only for their own performances but also achieving the performance and competency levels of individual constituents. While this is indeed a tall order, it does make sense when one considers that today’s business functions in a very competitive and aggressive environment wherein ultimate performance is of crucial importance in terms of market shares, productivity and profitability aided by teamwork. For the time beingâ€Å"It is concluded that management development as strategy has an important role to play in promoting organisational success, in developing individual and organisational effectiveness, and in differentiating the quality of a company and its people from competing organisations† (Buckley, 2011). Perhaps the most important skill would be that he should be able to inject leadership into the group- this does not mean that he should impose himself on others and be overbearing and autocratic, but it is necessary that he is able to draw forth the best work qualities of his team members through conviction, tact, discretion and diplomacy. Team members would not like to be forced into doing something- the initiative and drive for performing should come from within themselves and managers just guide and monitor their actions, putting in a word of praise or the need for improvement in certain areas for the team members. The basic qualities of leadership in terms of accepting responsibility, being hardworking and earnest oneself, able to back up the team in the event things go wrong, sincere, dedicated and

History of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of the Internet - Essay Example This paper will trace the history, growth and development of internet and how World Wide Web has changed the world which is based on the vision, hard labor and dedication of a few committed people. Internet is a network of networks that joins many government, university and private computers together. It provides an infrastructure for the use of e-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents and other computational resources (Slater, 2002). This network transports data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world. The internet today is a widespread information structure and the initial prototype of internet is often called the National Informatics Infrastructure and has a complex history. The history of internet can be traced back to the launch and orbit of Sputnik I in 1957 which sent scientific and psychological shock waves in the science policy community as well as throughout American politics and the American public (Russell, 2001). This formed the basis for fundamental breakthroughs in American science, which resulted in a dramatic increase of federal spending on scientific research. Immediately after this, President Eisenhower created an agency known as Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA later known as DARPA) which would be responsible for coordinating advanced, high-risk research that could lead to technological breakthroughs for the military at the height of cold war. The idea of ARPA was basically shaped by a group of scientists who feared that the government either misused or misunderstood modern science and technology. Since World War II scientists had been exploring how advanced computing could enhance national security. The SAGE air defense system, funded by the Air Force was developed by the MIT scientists during the 1950s (Russell, 2001). Computers were initially used as batch processing number-crunchers but subsequently they were used to work with people in real time to

Benchmark Analysis Comparing the AMD 910e and Intel 2400s Processors Essay

Benchmark Analysis Comparing the AMD 910e and Intel 2400s Processors - Essay Example For example, businesses require processors with appropriate architecture that will allow a maximum use of their IT environment, yet stable at the same time (Moore p. 169). For this paper, two of the stiffest competitors in microprocessor manufacturing will be featured: Intel with its Core i5-2400S, and; AMD’s Phenom II X4 910e. These processors were launched in the market in 2011 January and 2010 January, respectively. Table 1 shows the comparative specifications of these two processors. The Benchmarks and their Analysis A. Integer Math Test This test measures the speed and capacity of a processor to perform mathematical non-fractional numbers operations by using random 32-bit and 64-bit integers for basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, division and multiplication at integer buffers of 240kb per core (CPU Benchmark 2010). Intel Core i5-2400S: 28456 MHz AMD 910e: 18925 MHz In the above stats, Intel Core i5-2400S was tested using AIDA64-CPU Queen, which p erforms a high memory read/write traffic and therefore not ideal for more than a single thread system because of the possibility of creating a bottleneck leading to low scores (Vortez2011). AMD 910e was tested using the Everest Ultimate Edition (higher is better), using Vincent Rijmen, Antoon Bosselaers and Pablo Barreto’s public domain C code in ECB mode, which uses 48MB memory and fundamental x36 instructions (Wu 2010, p. 7). B. Compression Test Using memory buffers of 16kb per core, the compression test gauges how fast a processor can compress large blocks of data into smaller ones without any original data being lost in the process. The ability to compress is an important function in software application. The result of this test is in kb/second (CPU Benchmark 2010). Intel Core i5-2400S: 125 kb/sec AMD 910e: 133 kb/sec Intel Core i5-2400S was tested using the WinRAR 4.0 utility (Gavrichenkov 2011, p.4) while the AMD was tested using the WinRar Workload utility where data i s randomly generated containing deliberately introduced redundancy to increase the load in the CPU and memory. The algorithm then compresses and decompresses the data (Wu p. 5). C. Prime Number Test The Prime Number Test gauges the speed of the processor in searching for prime numbers or numbers that are divisible only by 1 and by itself such as the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11. The algorithm used for this operation uses the same loops and operations that are standard in most computers without any memory buffer (CPU Benchmark 2010). D. Encryption Test This test gauges the speed of the computer to encrypt blocks of data, an operation employed by users to store data, which can be accessed only by the user with the encryption key. It uses the blowfish algorithm and shares many of the operations used in the math test except for the large binary data manipulation and mathematical operations such as ‘to the power of’ (CPU Benchmark 2010). Intel Core i5-2400S: 372733 (traditio nal DES) AMD 910e: 93.4 The Intel 2400S was tested with John the Ripper v1.7.8, which uses the blowfish algorithm (OpenBenchMarking 2011), while the AMD 910e was tested using TrueCrypt, which is an open-source encryption package. Two hundred MB was used to run the utility that gives back an AES-Twofish-Serpent mean score. E. Floating Point Math Test A similar test to the integer math test, the floating point test measures the speed of a processor to perform basic mathematical oper

Asperger's Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asperger's Syndrome - Essay Example In this group of diseases, some individuals have normal or above normal intellectual abilities. These individuals have been termed as having high functioning autism or having Asperger's syndrome (Cumine et al., 1998). Despite high level of intelligence, these affected people will have difficulties in social reciprocations with hazardous personal interactions. The day-to-day life is fraught with problems associated with coping with change due to their patterned behaviour and need of adherence to fixed routines. Asperger's syndrome is unique in this group of disorders in that the social deficits and ritualistic and stereotyped behaviours are identical to autism. The two distinctive features in Asperger's syndrome are that these individuals have relatively normal cognitive skills and hence in the early phase, there are no language delays (Cumine et al., 2000). It is evident this is a complex brain disorder and is often viewed as a part of the autistic spectrum. The teaching staff has im portant roles to perform since the emphasis is on on-task activities. These programmes must have clear goals, which are clear to both the teachers and children (ASPIRE). These goals must be determined and modified according to the needs and capabilities of these children. The educational programmes thus need to be structured with the goal being education. It is expected that these would improve the social and academic competence of these children. Different strategies have been advised that can be accommodated by the teaching staff in these facilities. Many of them have behavioural difficulties which may hamper their learning skills. It is to be noted that traditional behavioural techniques can be adapted in such settings. Other techniques that have successfully used are peer tutoring, cooperative learning groups, social stories, and circle of friends (Dalrymple, 1995). With this background, this writer's personal affiliations may be stated to highlight the need for this assignment. Conclusion Asperger's syndrome is a pervasive autism spectrum disorder which needs to be managed by special teaching skills. Research and literature have indicated more effective strategies for teaching these affected individuals. It is clear from this assignment that effective educative strategies implemented by the teaching staff need adequate supportive attitudes. This support must begin from detailed assessments of these individuals individually. Based on these needs assessments, the teaching professionals would design teaching techniques that are specially adapted. Only these would fail to achieve the goal unless the teachers also demonstrate a change in attitude towards these children. All these must happen in a restructured environment. As evident from the literature reviewed, inclusive placements of these young children can be effective if adequate support structures are in place. Since the basic problem lies in the area of social interaction, input from normal peers in an inclusive env ironment may have immensely beneficial impact on the form of social interactions of these children. The teaching staff may play important roles in these interactions since they can carefully structure and reinforce these interactions. It is also evident that the support system for these children and their teachers is less than adequate. Data

Fast food Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Fast food Research Report - Essay Example Approximately 22 percent of the interviewed respondents stated that they took fast food four days in a week and more than one-fifth of the population had the meal on daily basis. Although 90 percent were aware of the adverse effects of fast foods, they were still addicted to it. Health education programs, public awareness campaigns as well as dietary guidelines could be initiated so as to address the unhealthy lifestyles of the students and help them improve on their health. Good tastes of the foods, low costs were some of the main reasons given by the students for consuming fast foods occasionally. Others said that the foods are quick, easy to get and cheap. Other students said that they are very busy to cook and that they don’t like the experience of cooking. On the other hand, high costs and preference for other restaurants were the major reasons not to consume such foods (Fraser, Edwards, Cade, Clarke 2012, 82). The average monthly frequency of consumption of fast foods by the students was 4.05 (4.25 for men and 3.83 for ladies). As anticipated, the consumption of fast foods was considered to be a special event instead of being a part of ever day diet, closely connected with meeting close friends and celebrating on special occasions. Attitude towards the consumption of fast foods was not notably associated with the behavioral intention. Therefore, effective and efficient nutrition education programs on consumption of fast foods should include components to alter the subjective norms of fast food consumption, more so among peers as well as perceived behavioral control. Further studies should be conducted to examine effective ways of altering subjective norms and possible choices to fast food consumption for students in colleges and universities to alter perceived behavioral control (Brevard & Ricketts 1996, 35) Consumption of take

Identify Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Identify Law - Research Paper Example Of great importance in this study are the states of Washington and New York. The Cellphone and Texting Law is not applicable in the following states; Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and South Dakota. Of great significance in this study will the states of Hawaii and Nevada. The Cellphone and Texting Law is found in the states of Washington and New York; the law is not found in the states of Hawaii and Nevada (Highway Safety Research & Communications, 2011). The state of Washington has two driving laws that are associated with the use of cell phone; these laws began in 2008. The first law EHB 1214 took effect on the same year 2008 and the law has banned text messaging and it has been made a traffic infraction. The ordinance is not on the hands-free but a text messaging total ban. The law has some exceptions and in particular during the emergency situations (DrivingLaws.org, 2011). The second law in regard to the Washington State driving law went into effect in 2008; the law (ESSB 5037) is on the hands free law. The hands free cell phone law forbids the utilization of a wireless device like a cell phone on the ear while driving. The law allows an individual to use the cellphone if the communication is made through a hands free device like a wired headset or a Bluetooth headset (DrivingLaws.org, 2011). The hands free driving law in New York was approved in the year 2001. Ever since the law was passed the New York Police department passed almost 300,000 within the first three years, mostly for those who were violating the first hands free driving law. The law which was effective from November 1st, 2009 prohibited people from texting while driving in the New York (DrivingLaws.org, 2011). The law bans the drivers from using moveable electronic devices (they include blackberries, laptops and cell phones) and any other types of

Training on Conflict resolution strategies in Team Dynamics Essay Example for Free

Training on Conflict resolution strategies in Team Dynamics Essay The necessity of this training   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disagreements with how one sees life situations are just a few of the reasons that conflicts happen so ordinarily. Just as conflicts are also integral parts of daily existence so does negotiating through them (Amason, 1996; Amason, Thompson, Hochwarter, Harrison, 1995). Studies reveal that there is â€Å"no one size fits all† when it comes to navigating the disagreements and weather through storms where conflicts are concerned. However, there are principles that are observed when successful conflict management has taken place. Conflicts therefore must be confronted and understood at the individual level where a person experiences inner personal struggles at varying degrees. However, a short training tackles in detail a much larger picture as it attempts to provide a succinct look at conflict resolution strategies in the area of team dynamics by examining, describing and explaining various concepts as to the understanding of these significant concepts. Objectives for the training of communication To understand the nature of conflict as it arises in individual situations and in teams. Individual personal conflicts are inevitable occurrences that are usually taken for granted because of its â€Å"ordinariness.† Unless people undertakes a formal study on conflict management, he/she goes through life hitting and missing (at most) at ways of resolving issues and inner conflicts and in all probabilities, somehow manages to escape conflicts. The following important features in team dynamics are specifically indicated and described because these are crucial points in developing effective management of conflicts and developing efficient team dynamics. To reap the Benefits of working teams in relationship to conflict resolution strategies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Working teams in relationship to conflict resolution strategies provide benefits including personal and team growth as team members acquire insights with relationships and how these relationships are utilized to better reach worthwhile goals. In addition, working teams have optional choices rather than solitary attempts at confronting conflicts, such as higher possibility arriving at the solutions of the problems, promoting cohesiveness among the team, and increasing the involvement or participation of members. To identify the different Types of Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the study presented by Johnson (2005), few researches actually â€Å"describe how to identify conflict.† There are seven types of conflicts depending on â€Å"who is in conflict with whom† (Fisher et al, 1995; in Johnson, 2005). These are:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~an individual with inner conflicts totally unrelated to the team but whose best performance for the team is not achieved due to the personal problem, thus influencing the whole team   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~two distinct members are in direct conflict with each other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~one against all members   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~all against one member   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~a lot of members against a lot of others as well   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~one whole team as against another team   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~all of the team as against one person not a part of the team. To   explain ways of Managing, preparing or preventing Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since conflict and disagreements are integral to the growth and performance of teams, it is therefore necessary that individual members and as a group, go through an education process to understand the nuances of conflict. They necessitate the learning to distinguish what healthy debates are, brainstorming and normal exchange of ideas which are important to team achieving corporate goals (Johnson, 2005). Studies by Tjosvold and colleagues (1999) show that when disagreements are brought into the open and talked about, conflicts are minimized and feelings of frustration, anger and doubts or suspicions are abated. Solutions to conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employing a conflict checklist can be an excellent ingredient as well in resolving and minimizing the incidence of conflict. III. Identify Types of Instructional methods you will use and why   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The best method that will be used is the seminar-workshop type which showcases the sort of brief lecture/discussion type followed by a question and answer portion. The workshop aspect will be the demonstration on activities that will enhance closeness of the relational and emotional aspect of the team’s association and promote self-understanding and self-awareness as well. Team communication and conflict are best understood when games and activities are tied up or incorporated as part of the challenge that the group will undertake. Discuss how you would tie the training into performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the discussion of the lecture on conflict and strategies that are going to be developed by individuals and groups, it is expected that these are skills that are not learned overnight. However, there are expectations that the insights must be applied during the next few days or weeks. The kind of training that is illustrated here is expected to be clearly applicable and transferable wherever the participants maybe. Training for conflict resolution strategies in team dynamics will not be that easy but the determination must be there for the participants to see real results.             References Amason, A. C. (1996). Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 123-148. Amason, A. C., Thompson, K. R., Hochwarter, W. A., Harrison, A. W. (1995). Conflict: An important dimension in successful management teams. Organizational Dynamics, 24(2), 20-35. Bens, I. (1997). Facilitating conflict. In M. Goldman (Ed.), Facilitating with ease! (pp. 83-108). Sarasota, FL: Participative Dynamics. Davison, Sue Canney. 2003. Creating Working Normas and Agreements. Accessed May 25, 2008 www.genderdiversity.cgiar.org/CreatingWorkingAgreementsDavison3.doc Fisher, K., Rayner, S., Belgard, W. (1995). Tips for teams: A ready reference for solving common team problems. NY, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Jennsen, O., Van De Vliert, E., Veenstra, C. (1999). How task and person conflict shape the role of positive interdependence in management teams. Journal of Management, 25(2), 117-141. Johnson, Debbi-Wagner. 2005. Managing Work-Team Conflict: Assessment and Preventatve Strategies. Center for Collaborative Organizations, University of North Texas.   All rights reserved. Rayeski, E., Bryant, J. D. (1994). Team resolution process: A guideline for teams to manage conflict, performance, and discipline. In M. Beyerlein M. Bullock Tjosvold, D., Morshima, M., Belsheim, J. A. (1999). Complaint handling on the shop floor: Cooperative relationships and open-minded strategies. International Journal of Conflict Management, 10(1), 45-68.

Feminine Transformation In Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” Essay Example for Free

Feminine Transformation In Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Essay Fiction is often used as a vehicle to convey radical ideas to readers. These ideas are usually reflected in the themes of the stories so that the clarity of expression is more apparent. The theme of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is quite unique in that it expresses feministic ideas in a seemingly ordinary situation. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story that reveals various truths about the woman and chronicles the feministic transformation of this woman towards modern womanhood. Gilman employs the first person perspective in her story to allow her unnamed protagonist to reveal elements of her emotions that would otherwise be concealed from the audience. The protagonist, along with her physician husband and a certain Jenny move into a huge house for the purpose of her recovery from an illness; in the house the husband assigns a room for the both of them which is a large room with distinctive yellow wallpaper all over the walls. The protagonist is then disturbed by the wallpaper and begins to derive images from it which in turn is used as a metaphor for her feministic transformation. The earlier part of the tale reveals much about how the traditional woman actually is. The very first aspect of the traditional woman that one would easily notice from the text is a submissive personality. The lines, â€Å"But John says if I feel so, I shall neglect proper self-control; so I take pains to control myself before him, at least, and that makes me very tired. † (Gilman) illustrate how the protagonist neglects her own feelings before her husband and this implies that if she prioritizes what her husband felt over what she felt, she was quite likely to do the same with other more menial things making her exceptionally submissive. Another aspect of the woman revealed in earlier parts of the tale is the feminine view on marriage. In the lines, â€Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage. † (Gilman) the protagonist describes how her husband reacts to her when she complains about something weird in the house they were moving into. When the husband laughs, the protagonist concludes that this is normal when two people are married. In effect, the protagonist views marriage as an excuse for ridicule and the fact that she is married to someone requires that she accept that ridicule as part of being married. This is a strange perception on the part of the protagonist but because of the submissive attitude of this main character it is not surprising that she should think this way. Other than this, her submission even affects her desire to write as she conceals her writing, hence, the protagonist admits, â€Å"I did write for a while in spite of them; but it does exhaust me a good deal† (Gilman) because she had to write despite contradictions from her husband as this made her feel better. The decision of the protagonist to write expresses the protagonist’s, â€Å"struggle to throw off the constraints of patriarchal society in order to be able to write. † (Thomas) So, in these first few parts, the author describes the current state of the protagonist, where â€Å"Women were cast as emotional servants whose lives were dedicated to the welfare of home and family in the perservence of social stability†. (Thomas) In a way, the author even discreetly refers to the sexual inadequacies of the relationship by referring to a â€Å"nailed-down bed† in the lines, â€Å"I lie here on this great immovable bed it is nailed down, I believe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilman) Eventually, as the protagonist focuses her attention on the yellow wallpaper and the fact that her husband insists that they do not change it despite pleas from the protagonist, she begins to see the wallpaper as something else reflecting the bondage that she experienced from being isolated and treated inappropriately by her husband. This is quite clear in the lines, â€Å"Behind that outside pattern†¦a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that pattern. † (Gilman) Here, the protagonist initially describes a woman apparently caged behind the wallpaper patterns. While this could be images within the protagonist’s mind, it definitely reflects how she feels being in the room and in her situation. This image of bondage is further amplified by the lines, â€Å"At night in any kind of light†¦worst of all by moonlight, it becomes bars! The outside pattern I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be. † (Gilman) It is at this point that the protagonist expresses an intrinsic feeling of bondage because she is not able to express it outwardly, and so, projects the feeling unto the wallpaper. This particular incident, â€Å"is a reaction to the lack of free agency that women had in the late 1800’s . (Gilbert) Soon, days before the last day the couple was to spend in the mansion, the protagonist breaks free and becomes a new, more liberal woman. This is implied in the lines, â€Å"I pulled and she shook, I shook and she pulled, and before morning we had peeled off yards of that paper;† (Gilman) which the protagonist used to describe her peeling off the paper. During the motions she admits to helping the woman behind the patterns but indirectly, this implies that the woman she was helping was herself. The act, therefore, of tearing the wallpaper was parallel to freeing the woman behind the patterns, and so, freeing herself from her personal bondage. (Garcia) The protagonist, hence, went from being a traditional woman to a liberated woman in her feminist transformation, even when the conclusions of the story seemed to imply that the protagonist had lost her mind because of the isolation, hence, the lines, â€Å"Ive got out at last, said I, in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back! (Gilman) where she had finally fused her own persona with the persona of the woman behind the patterns. Quite obviously, the textual evidence in this tale consistently describe the struggles of a woman from being the kind enslaved by a patriarchal society to someone who was able to express her own individuality, albeit, unconventionally. The story very clearly describes how one woman transformed gradually from being traditional to being the new or modern woman. ? Works Cited Garcia, Viola. Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. fgcu. edu. N. p. , 2009. Web. 1 Aug. 2010. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/gilman. htm. Gilbert, Kelly. The Yellow Wallpaper: An Autobiography of Emotions by Charlotte Perkins Gilman . fgcu. edu. N. p. , 2009. Web. 1 Aug. 2010. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/gilman. htm. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. EastoftheWeb. com. N. p. , 2006. Web. 1 Aug. 2010. http://www. eastoftheweb. com/short-stories/UBooks/YelWal. shtml. Thomas, Deborah. The Changing Role of Womanhood: From True Woman to New Woman in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. fgcu. edu. N. p. , 2009. Web. 1 Aug. 2010. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/gilman. htm.

Voice User Interface (VUI)

Voice User Interface (VUI) ABSTRACT: Voice User Interface (VUI) is the interface which works on the user’s demand in the form of speech. The speech engine recognizes the keyword from many ambiguous words in the surroundings and works on the user demand. The basic VUI is constructed by the XML Language. The keyword has to be recorded in the speech engine at the time of construction. The basic security of the VUI is given by the confidentiality of the keyword for the specific work. The keyword refers to the password which is separate for each work that has to be performed by the system. The new thing according to me is to make the system to understand our commands and work according to it with the same perfection. But the only difference is that we have not to store any keywords in the time of initialization. The voice tester attached to the speech engine gives the security which tests the voice frequency of the user and allows only the authorized user to access the engine. This gave high security and which cannot be broken easily. For that, have to include three different things in the library functions of the XML Language. The three things are: User Language, Translator, Phonetics. The user language is set according to the user and it should be included in the library function. The user has option to give the command in different language and the translator converts it to the machine language. The phonetics is the language of pronunciation. It includes all the pronunciations that have to be pronounced by the user. But the pronunciations by the user should be accurate. The security of this VUI is high and it should be initialized. The user has to give the authorized voice that can only access the system. If the user wants to increase, the security, the voice modulation along with some keyword can also be stored in the system. This increases the security level in the system. The user can specify the no of users through that they can also be access the system with the specific key word. The VUI has finds many applications in voice mailings, Home appliances, entertainment, etc., Kinect is the special device used to sense the voice of the user. The VUI finds its applications in cheaper and perfect manner. By, connecting this VUI to the speech engine to any of the appliances, we can make it as user-friendly. By implementing, this concept in appliances and other systems, we can make our work simple, cheaper and quicker. The system connected with the speech engine is very helpful and is very easy to handle. INTRODUCTION Voice user Interface (VUI) is an interface which works on the demands of the user which are given in the form of speech. VUI concept is firstly introduced to make some devices more secure. The voice can be a high secure element and which cannot be hacked easily by the user. Also, it has main advantage of easy of work and saving the time of working the user has many demands and it can be easily done by the system. Kinect is the speech device which is used to record the speech from the user and it converts it in to the words. This device finds an application in the field of VUI to record the voice and send it to the system. BASIC CONCEPT OF VUI VUI has the basic concept of recording the voice and convert it to the words and works according to it. The following picture refers to the conversion of speech to words. WORKING OF BASIC VUI VUI which is basically word in some user- system interface in which the help of human is not required. For example, it can be used in the field of â€Å"Customer Care†, of the mobile companies. Example Consider a user calling to the customer care regarding the need of information The recorded voice of the system welcomes the user and gives the user, to choice and it explains the meaning of the choice. The user has to process a number according to his need and the system recognizes the number, and connects it to the respective module. User: //Calling for Customer Care// Customer Care:- Welcome Sir, Your choices are Security code, New Schemes, Sim details Balance enquiry User: //pressing no.2// Customer Care: Sir your choice is to know about the new schemes. The call is connected to our secretary. //Now, the call is connected to the secretary// In this example the user has to specify a number and it is now processed and it gives details about it. Otherwise, if the demand is not solved by the system then it connects to the call to the Human who can clear all doubts of the user. Draw backs:- Pressing the number, is works of time Suppose, our demand is in the choice 10 we have to wait until the 10th choice appearance, It is waste of time. IMPROVEMENT OF VUI The VUI finds its improvement in the field of its applications. The applications have also improved along with the improvement of VUI. There are three basic applications in this stage of VUI, they are Customer Care, Home appliance, Mobile applications. Customer Care:- The improvement in this stage of VUI is in the saving of time the user has to specify his choice according to his demand instead of pressing the number. Ex: User: //calling for customer care// Customer Care : Welcome Sir, your choices are 1. Security code 2. New schemes 3. Sim details 4. Balance enquiry User: 2 //It is specified by speech// Customer Care: Ok Sir, Now your call is connected to our chief. In this example, the user has to specify his choice through voice not by pressing the number. Draw backs:- Here also, the user has to wait by hearing all the choices until his choice appearance. It also wastes the time. ii) HOME APPLIANCES: The VUI has found its application in the field of Home appliances. Here, the appliances work according to the user demand through voice. The vice keyword is to be different for different devices the keyword is to be specified at the time of initialization. Ex: If the user have to be on the Fan and off the fan. The keyword for this process is to be specified. ON – F1 OFF- F2 Now, the user have to say â€Å"F1† if he wants to ON the fan, and he have to say â€Å"F2† if he wants to OFF the fan. Like that, he has to more the keyword for each appliance at the time of initialization. Drawback: The different key word for devices is difficult to have in the memory. The security of keyword is only according to our confidential level. iii) Mobile applications:- The VUI is used in come mobile applications. There is a mobile app which can react to our questions and it can be a companion to us. Ex:- User: Hay App: Hay User:what is your name? App:My name is X User:Do you like me? App:Yes, I like you. In this, example, the mobile interact with the user according to his question. Draw backs: The answer, given by the mobile is only stored in the form of templates. The reaction is similar for maximum number of questions by the user. NEW CONCEPT ABOUT VUI: My new idea about VUI is to make the system to understand the user’s demand and work according to it with the same perfection. For that, the Library functions of XML language has to be included with some extra functions. There are three main functions to be included in the Module: They are: User Language, Translator, Phonetics i) USER LANGUAGE: The user can demand in any type of language which he can able to speak. But only thing is that it is to be included in the Library functions. The user language should be a specific one. If we want to change the user language we have to say the keyword for changing to that language. The keyword has to be specified at the time of initialization of the speech system. ii) TRANSLATOR: Translator can also be called as Convertor. Convertor has main work of converting the speech words into the words which can be understand by the system. The speech engine records the speech in the form of speaking words and sent it to the computer in the form of words which can be understand by the computer. This convertor is also included in the library functions of the XML. It does not require any keyword and it can be automatically executed. iii) PHONETICS: Phonetics is the representations of speaking words in the form of some special symbols which can also be included in the library functions. It is very important in this case because this is to specify the pronunciation of words and it meaning. The meaning of the word differs according to the pronunciation. Ex: â€Å"read† Is it present tense or past tense? It is only depends upon the pronunciation of the word by the user. The speech engine has to record the voice and it should by checked by the pronunciation and it is executed according to the meaning. For placing a demand to the system, the user has to specify the correct pronouncing. Otherwise, the system responds to the meaning of the pronunciation. Some of the applications to be implemented with VUI are: 1. CUSTOMER CARE: In this concept, it is very easy to select our choice in the customer care. The user has not to wait for the desired choice number. The user has to specify his need and system responds according to the demand. Calling Calling Ex:User: //calling customer care// Customer Care: Welcome Sir, What do you like to know sir? User: About balance amount. Customer Care: wait sir, we will send you the information of your balance via SMS, sir. Here, there is no job of waiting for the chief to solve the problem. Advantage: i) The user has not to wait for the choice to be heard. There is no waste to time. 2. Home appliances: The VUI has found its applications in Home appliances also. The keyword not necessary in the case of this concept. The system can understand our demand and respond to it accordingly. The statement given by the user may be different but the pronunciation and the competency must be accurate.Ex: If the user wants to ON the fan, there are many possibilities. Switch on the fan (Or) ON the fan, (or) Turn on the fan All the statements are accessed by the systems but the pronunciation matters. MOBILE APPLICATIONS: The mobile app that respond to ourselves according to our questions and it cannot be a template function, if, we use this concept in VUI. The answers given by the mobile app is reasonable and it is a great companion to us. VEHICLES: For example, a car can be started by a keyword stored by ourselves. The car can be started only if the voice is identified correctly and high security matters. The tape (or) FM in the car can be switch on by VUI and the channel of FM can be changed without any physical contact or eye contact and it does not destructs driving. SECURITY: The security of this VUI is only depends upon the voice modulation. The frequency of the voice of the user decides the ON/OFF of the device. The frequency of the voice of user is stored in the system at the time of initialization. The system is accessed by only the authorized user. For increasing the security. We can also include the passwords, and some special sounds that are only peculiar to ourselves can also be included. The breaking of all these security is maximum impossible. Thus the system is prevented from Hacking. CONCLUSION:- By implementing this concept in the real-life applications, we can do our jobs faster, effective and secure. By connecting this with the computer, we can make our computer as user-friendly. By this, we can improve the security of the accessing of device and it enables the user to become smarter to do all the work in short span of time.

Common Sense :: essays research papers

The Declaration of Independence And the work of Thomas Paine: Common Sense   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pamphlet Common Sense, made by Thomas Paine, was invaluable to informing the people of how they owed no loyalty to Britain. I am also a strong believer that this document indirectly helped lead to one of the key parts leading to the American Revolution, The Declaration of Independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Paine had failed in other lines of work as a corseter, seaman, and tax officer. He then met Benjamin Franklin who helped him immigrate to Philadelphia, where his journalism career began. He wrote the pamphlet Common Sense, which was a very strong defense of American Independence from Britain. Without his passionate, convincing words we may never have had as many colonists with a patriotic state of mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m sad to say that after this great contribution to his country he returned to England, engaging in other mishaps. He was incarcerated for not endorsing the execution of King Louis XVI. While in jail he became an atheist and wrote â€Å"The Age of Reason† which became the first section of the deist-atheist text. At least he helped influenced the American Revolution, and that’s what I think we should remember him by. As for the Declaration of Independence, I believe that his words influenced the representatives of the states, as well as the average American. On July 4th 1776 the thirteen states unanimously passed the Declaration of Independence, which was written by Thomas Jefferson. He was chosen because of his well-known skill of legible writing. It was not that the ideas shown of the document those of his own, but the shared ideas of many representatives, who would later on proof-check Thomas’ work to make sure no crucial ideas were left out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Declaration of Independence rights that still exist today are first installed.

Aids Epidemic :: Free AIDS Essays

HIV/Aids Epidemic HIV/AIDs is a huge epidemic still plaguing society today. The lack of knowledge and technical advances has caused an increasing number of cases. It has made its way around the world since the 1940s, causing countries to join together in the fight against AIDs. With all the campaigning that has been done the numbers of cases continue to rise. Countries have separated the disease into three patterns to make it easier to distinguish the effects that AIDs has on different regions of the world. As well as what subtypes sprout from what areas. HIV/AIDs can be spread in many different ways. The future is still uncertain for the victims whom lives have been dramatically changed by this deadly disease. It started back in 1940 when the virus jump from an animal to a human, it came from either a monkey or chimpanzee. A man who is unknown, still today, went to a hospital in Leopoldville, Africa which is now know as Kinshasa. The unknown man gave blood in a clinic for a study on blood diseases. It was then frozen in a test tube and forgotten about. Nearly a quarter of a century later, around the mid 1980s, scientist took a look at the blood again due to the growing AIDs epidemic. They discovered the man had the HIV virus which causes AIDs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AIDs has several different subtypes of the virus, all which can be traced to the Leopoldville man. The variety of types makes it hard to find a cure for the disease since it is constantly changing and mutating it’s self. The president of the United States and the prime minister of France announced in 1987 that they were going to join together to fight against the issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The virus has been divided up into three patterns. Pattern 1 is the type of AIDs in North America, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. In these parts of the world AIDs is spread mostly by homosexual intercourse and found in homosexual and bisexual men most often. The number of cases has drastically dropped from blood transfusion due to routine screenings. The sharing of needles by intravenous drug abusers seems to be becoming a huge problem in helping to spread the disease faster. Since homosexual and bisexual men seem to be at a greater risk for the virus, the ratio of men to women is 20:1 in the pattern 1 countries.

When Politics Meets Religion Essay -- Essays on Politics

When Politics Meets Religion Much of the history we are taught in grade school and secondary education is filled with stories upon stories of political movements and uprising. The vast majority of these movements had one or two political leaders at the forefront whose ultimate goals included such things as liberating an oppressed people or reclaiming a status taken from a group of people by an outside force. Leaders of such movements have used a wide range of tactics to gain support for their political agendas, but one particular tactic has been so often used by said leaders that this tactic certainly deserves a closer examination. This tactic is religion. No matter what the nature of the movement may have been, so often we have seen and continue to see today how political leaders have made claims that God is supporting their cause. From the Crusades to the recent activities of Al Qaeda, the need for God’s support has been shown to be very important to establishing the legitimacy of a political ag enda. What happens when the political agenda fails to faithfully correspond with the religion it claims as its backing? Is there a relationship between the effectiveness of a political agenda and the faithfulness with which it adheres to the tenets of the religion it claims as its support? Indeed there is such a relationship, and upon closer examination, we will not only see that political agendas that faithfully adhere to the tenets of a proposed religious affiliation tend to be successful, but we will also see why this is the case. We will then consider how this knowledge can be used today to address current instances of oppressive regimes. First, however, let us examine why it is at all desirable for a political leader to ... ...m>. â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi - Indian Spiritual/Political Leader and Humanitarian.† 2 Feb. 2003. LucidCafe. Retrieved 4 Mar. 2003 â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil - Rights Leader.† 2 Feb. 2003. LucidCafe. Retrieved 4 Mar.2003 . McClennen, Scott. Lecture. The role of religion in current politics. Fall 2003. Ethics and Development in a Global Economy. Stanford University. â€Å"Statement of United Church of Christ leaders opposing U.S. war against Iraq.† United Church of Christ website. Retrieved 4 Mar. 2003 . â€Å"Toppling Saddam Hussein: Troubling, Unanswered Questions.† Mar. 2002. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Retrieved 12 Mar. 2003 .

Campbell Management Consulting Case Analysis

Campbell Management Consulting Case Analysis Situation Analysis In the Campbell Management Consulting case, Lauzon Automotive hopes to become more efficient. Central Engineering Manager, Peter Cole, has hired Colin Campbell to conduct a series of studies, beginning with the role of â€Å"tug operator†. The workload carried by the tug operator position has decreased in recent years due to decreases in the amount of waste generated at the plant; however, staff level of the role has remained constant over the same period. Campbell is observing and analyzing the utilization of workers in the position to determine if cutbacks would be beneficial. Campbell is met with hostility, however, on the part of the union workers who fear losing their jobs. In addition to being openly hostile towards Campbell, the workers have opted to participate in a â€Å"work-to-rule† campaign to show their dissatisfaction with the study. The campaign is a strike technique in which workers do the minimum amount of work necessary, or follow the policies and procedures so closely, that productivity is hampered or halted altogether. Since huge losses result from the shutdown of the plant, which could be a result of their work-to-rule campaign, it is wise to avoid its enactment. The root causes of the issues include job design problems, specifically with inflexibility. This narrow description has caused workers to be able to enact the work-to-rule campaign. In addition, general management of the workforce is another concern. Cole, a young manager, needs to get a better grip on the tenured union employees and enforce company policies. Issues with the union also abound; under no circumstances should a consultant be harassed, as Campbell was, by one the Lauzon employees. PROJECT TITLE: | Campbell Management Consulting| Date:| 9/13/2011| | Owner:| Michelle Crawford| Background| | Recommendations| *In 1998, Japanese automakers have 30% share of industry vs. the decreasing 60% share held by North American manufacturers. *Production rates for American automakers had dropped 2-3% in few years leading up to 1998. | | A job analysis and reformation of the job description is required to impede any future attempts at enforcing a work-to-rule or other strike tactic. The measurable will be compliance from the workforce as well as increased efficiency in the tug operator role. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Current Situation| | | *In order to remain competitive, Lauzon Automotive is looking to become more efficient. *Colin Campbell has been hired to diagnose problems and inefficiencies, beginning with the role of â€Å"tug operator†. *The workload carried by the tug loader position had decreased steadily in the past few years due to decreases in waste production, yet staff level of this role remained constant over the same period. The tug operator position is occupied by senior union employees, who are reacting negatively to the study and staging work-to-rule protests. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plan| | | 1 – Perform job analysis on the tug operator position. Redefine the role so that it includes measurables like timeliness of deliveries as well as safety regulations. Include any duties that may have been previo usly undefined in the description. 2 – Have Peter, and perhaps a more senior employee, meet with union leaders on the hostility issues. A â€Å"no-tolerance† rule on harassment should be implemented – and offenders immediately fired. 3 – During this meeting, Peter should assure the tug operators that their jobs are not at risk. Given that most of them are within one year of retirement, Peter should allow their retirement to naturally reduce the number of workers in the role, and only hire on/promote more tug operators as necessary based on utilization calculations, which will need to include travel time between gondolas. – Peter should explain the reformation in the job description. This will be instrumental not only in preventing work-to-rule protests from employees, but will also aide when training newly hired tug operators, when the time comes. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Goal(s)| | | Effectively manage the number of workers in the tug operator position for maximum efficiencies, without causing unrest amongst the union employees and possibly causing a strike. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Analysis| | | | | | | | Utilization rate of workers per shift (assuming one refuel per shift): 180 (# of gondolas) X 5. 35 m (average service time per sample gondola) = 984. 25 m (total time to service gondolas per shift) 510 m (per shift) – 30 m (lunch) – 60 m (breaks) – 15 m (refuel) = 405 m (per worker per shift) 405 m (per worker per shift) X 5 (workers per shift) = 2025 m (total time workers available) 984. 5 / 2025 = workers operating at 48. 6% capacity. However, it should be noted that Campbell's data is incomplete because it does not include travel time between the gondolas. This would clearly effect the recommendations, so I do not think it would be acceptable for Campbell to consider cutting jobs at this time. Root causes *Job design – too narrow a definition, allowing workers to enact work-to-rule. Management of the workforce: Peter, the young manager, seems to be getting pushed around by the tenured union employees, hampering productivity *Issues with the union: ho stility and unrest that should not be tolerated | | Follow up| | | Meet with union leaders and tug operators again to discuss any issues with the new job description. Enlist their support in providing feedback to enhance the description. They should view the consulting team as their allies. Finally approve new description, and then monitor retirement dates for when to expect an increase in role productivity. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Assumptions and Missing Information The key piece of information that is missing is the travel time between one gondola and the next. Without this data, it is impossible to accurately determine the utilization of tug operators. Problem Definition The key issue in this case is the narrow job design and definition of the tug operator position, allowing for strike tactics. The secondary issue is management of the workforce and issues with the union. Development of Alternatives One alternative would be to continue the study to acquire the data necessary. Campbell could return to the floor and observe the time it takes to travel from one gondola to another, and then complete his utilization rate analysis. Evaluation of Alternatives and Recommendations If Campbell decides to complete his evaluation of the role, it might further damage the relationship between management and the union, causing more unrest and workplace disruption. I would advise against this, especially since the majority of tug operators are planning to retire within one year. In light of this, I recommend that Campbell abandon his study of utilization rate in favor of job analysis on the tug operator position. The job description should then be modified as necessary so that work-to-rule campaigns will no longer be an issue. Campbell should also advise Cole on how to handle his relationship with the union in the future. Implementation Plan The implementation timeline should look as follows: * Perform job analysis on tug operator position. * Redefine the role so that it includes measurables like timeliness of deliveries as well as safety regulations. Include any duties that may have been previously undefined in the description. * Cole should meet with union leaders on hostility issues and address strike concerns. * Assure them that their jobs are safe and that not cooperating with or expressing hostility towards Campbell will not be tolerated. Cole should also explain the changes to the job description and enlist the help of the tug operators for any future developments with it. Conclusion Narrow job descriptions can become host to numerous workplace issues, including strike protests like the one exhibited in this case. Evaluating them, and maintaining a good relationship with the workforce, is crucial to success, efficiency, and sustainability. References Cruji, Colin. Richard Ivey School of Business. (1999) Campbell M anagement Consulting.

How did war world 1 impact women Essay

There are all types of information including lesson plans, articles and news. BBC origin is a British Broadcasting Corporation. Established in 1922,London. The founders of BBC are John Reith and George Villers. BBC purpose is to â€Å"enrich peopleÊ ¼s lives with programs and services that inform, educate and entertain.† The values of the source are that it has beneï ¬ ts of hindsight; this is because they wrote this a long time after the event, which makes them less likely to have strong emotions that will make them biased. The source was written long after the event, so it has a greater ability to see turning points/ key events. This source has credibility, because it was written by academic authority. The limitation of the source is that it is not ï ¬ rst hand, meaning that facts could be changed or interpreted differently over time. This source might be biased because it is British. It might take their side. In my opinion overall BBC is a trustworthy source. Notes Beyond Domestic Services: -WWI changed the role of women politically and economically. -WWI gave women bigger opportunities in paying jobs. -Around two million women took over menÊ ¼s jobs – The War left women with a a wide range of jobs that were not available to them before and different jobs opportunities in different ï ¬ elds – â€Å"The war revolutionised the industrial position of women – it found them serfs and left them free.† Said the founder of Cambridge College in 1918 – The war changed women’s roles in factories. It gave women job opportunities which was not available before. Summary: WW1 affected women in the home front because it gave women an opportunity to prove themselves in a male role, doing more than house work and caring for their family. How did war world 1 impact women at the home front during the war? Sources Book: The us borne introduction to ï ¬ rst war world (December,6,12) O.P.V.L â€Å"The Usborne Introduction to ï ¬ rst World War† book is a reliable source because it is a book which provides detailed information and published works of the ï ¬ rst world war. The origin is Great Britain, published in 2007. The authors of the book are Ruth Brocklehurst and Henry Brook. The purpose of  the book is to â€Å"provide a fascinating and detailed introduction to the First World War. It also includes a selection of recommended websites to take readers even further, with ï ¬ lm footage, photographs and eyewitness accounts.† The value of the source is hindsight; this is because they wrote this a long time after the event, which makes them less likely to have strong emotions that will make them bias. The source was written long after the event, it has a grater ability to see turning points/ key eve nt. This source has credibility, because it was written by academic authority. The source is published, meaning that it was checked for accuracy many times. The limitation of the source is that the source is not ï ¬ rst hand, meaning that facts could be changed or interpreted differently over time. This source might be biased, because it is a british book. In conclusion this is a reliable source because it is a published book. Even though it may be biased it has facts that need to be edited. Notes Women into work -Before the war, jobs were available to to women, but they were limited (e.g. domestic work). -Before the war most were expected to watch over their family -In beginning of war, women were mostly involved in in charity work (e.g. making bandages and socks to send to the soldiers). -The war created many new jobs, keeping the soldiers supplied with basic needs. -Government used many posters to persuade women of all ages and classes to help out in the war and factories. -Millions of women helped out -Women operated telephones exchange, drove busses, worked agriculture and even worked dangerous, heavy jobs (e.g. mining, shipbuilding and packing explosives shells.) Summary WW1 affected women in the home front because women replaced men jobs, they helped in any area they could, from sending the soldiers basic needs to working dangerous jobs. How did war world 1 impact women at the home front during the war? Sources http://www.nls.uk/ learning-zone/history/ themes-in-focus/womenin-the-great-war (december 7,12) O.P.V.L NlS (national library of Scotland) is a reliable source because it is a library with information for educators and others. NIS origin is a library established in 1880s in Britain. NIS is a government funded organization. NIS purpose is to give educators and others a verity of resources and information. The values of the source is, The source has beneï ¬ ts of hindsight; this is because they  wrote this a long time after the event, which makes them less likely to have strong emotions that will make them biased. The source was written long after the event, it has a grater ability to see turning points/ key event. This source has credibility, because it was written by academic authority. The limitation of the source is that it is not ï ¬ rst hand, meaning that facts could be changed or interpreted differently over time. This source might be bias, because it is a british government funded organization, the government might want good things to be said. In my option overall TIS is a trustworthy source because it is government funded, meaning information is checked. Notes Women at work -During the ï ¬ rst year of the war, there was a lot of unemployment. -Women now took over menÊ ¼s jobs. -Even though women enjoyed working and earning money on their own, life for them was not easy. -Women worked long hours, plus they had to care for their children Summary: WW1 affected women in the home front because it changed the role of women, it changed the daily lives of women, and how the society looked at womenÊ ¼s roles in general. How did war world 1 impact women at the home front during the war? Sources http:// www.nationalarchives.go v.uk/education/ homefront/women/ factories/default.htm (December,11,12) O.P.V.L The National Archives, is a reliable source because it is a source which provides detailed information and reliable government sources. The origin is Great Britain, published in 2006. The purpose of the source is to â€Å"Provide many resources and documents for members of the public as well as professionals.† The value of the source is hindsight; this is because they wrote this a long time after the event, which makes them less likely to have strong emotions that will make them biased. The source was written long after the event, it has a greater ability to see turning points/ key event. This source has credibility because it was written by academic authority (government library). The source is published, meaning that it was checked for accuracy many times. The limitation of the source is that the source is not ï ¬ rst hand meaning that facts could be changed or interpreted differently over time. This source might be bias, because it is a british online library, the sources in the library might take sides. Overall this source is reliable because it has a wide range of government supported sources. Notes -Although women worked  in factories before. There was a big increases when the war started. -When men were called to the home front women were there to replace them. -Women did many different kinds of work. -they worked in the chemical and explosive industry,made shells and bombs, electrical cable and wire, uniforms, clothing etc.. -Around 7 million women were employed during the war. -Many women never worked before and had to learn how to cope with it all. (e.x. coping with working and taking care of their family) -Some had to travel far to work. -Some had to work part time so they could look after their children. -Some work for women was dangerous and risky. Summary: WW1 affected women in the home front because it gave women a change to showed a different side of women (e.g. how they are able to work and balance life.) Reï ¬â€šection on action plan: I thought I did a overall good job on my reï ¬â€šection plan. I thought I organized my reï ¬â€šection plan well. I like how I colored coded the plan and added check boxes next to the task. This helped me to stay organized and to see my progress. I thought overall I did a good job with keeping up with my reï ¬â€šection plan. Except for 2 days where I did not complete the OPVl. But ended up completing them the next couple of days. I think the action plan did help me with this task. It kept me organized and on task.

Fresh Bait

Some books just confuse me. I'll read it and have an entire plot planted out; which would end in a backflip and destroy all my planning – sometimes it's good but so can it be bad. Thankfully, in a book with many stories ‘Fresh Bait' executed it nicely – considering the limited length – and stood out to be one of my favourite story of the book. ‘Fresh Bait' is written by Sherryl Clark, an Australian author who I would keep an eye out now and is published in book called ‘Top Stories 2' by the publisher Pearson in 2007.Saying that each author was limited accordingly to a small amount of pages to create a story, I must admit, the pace of the story was slow at first read; but now thinking back it was very fast pace. If you haven't read any book that has contained an anonymous mystery then this book may take a while to completely understand. I, as once have been an avid fan of mystery, have detected that something strange was lurking in story and noti ced the theme of mystery quite quickly. Clark has used a first person voice that slowly give us pieces of puzzle to put together.The protagonist of the story has definitely gave us a feeling of conspiracy in her action that opposed towards feeling of natural. The carefully worded conversation and sly gestures made by the protagonist of the story, enhanced a sense of eeriness. Must say ‘Fresh Bait' was quite eerie through its  Shutter-Island-like twists. Whilst reading, I was pushed on an edge of a precipice. I was definitely left hanging and held onto the book as direction to the light of truth. Will I ever understand how: if one book is so anticlimactic will ruin an entire story that was so mysteriously good?Thankfully it wasn't really a disappointment as the ending is what I've expected – thanks to my awesome skills in prediction – and I guess the slight cliff hanger was what truly disappointed me. ‘Fresh Bait' was an amusing read and was indeed a breat h of fresh air to cool my overflowing cup of warm fantasy tea. I do suppose that in some sense, whilst reading, I've gotten a nostalgic yearning for more mystery novels and the cliff hanger had just wrapped it up and sent it to my birthday list. http://butterflys-dust-wendy. blogspot. com. au/2012/05/top-stories-2-fresh-bait-by-sherryl. html

Abrasive Water Jet Cutting Report Engineering Essay

Up until about the mid twentieth Century the bulk of production relied on â€Å" two traditional procedures of forming and machining ( Tlusty, 2000 ) . Forming is the procedure of altering the form of the whole work piece, whereas machining removes merely certain, and desired countries. Whilst these cardinal procedures still form the really anchor of contemporary production, there has besides been the demand for new procedures to be developed. The traditional procedures, as highlighted above, have a figure of built-in restrictions which limit their application to industry. In the instance of conventional machining procedures, a crisp film editing tool is used to organize a bit from the work by shear distortion. This consequences in the formation of high forces together with the corresponding mechanical energies. Together with this are a figure of extra jobs that can originate. Due to sum of energy required to transport out the operation, a physique up of unwanted heat can happen, which frequently leads to deformation of the work piece and surface snap. In certain instances, the forces introduced by the procedure are highly high and in order to procure the work piece considerable clamping forces are required ; this excessively can take to deformation. Together with these restrictions, the development of stuffs with belongingss of high strength, high hardness and high stamina has driven the debut of untraditional machining methods. Nontraditional machining ( NTM ) methods have been developed since World War II in an effort to turn to machining demands which can non be carried out by conventional methods entirely ( DeGarmo, Black & A ; Kohser, 2003 ) . NTM methods provide the ability to machine: Complex geometries ; Components with an first-class surface coating ; Delicate constituents, which otherwise would non defy the clamping forces ; and Brittle stuffs or stuffs with really high hardness. There are four types of untraditional procedures ; classified harmonizing to the principle signifier of energy used to consequence stuff remotion. These include: mechanical, electrical, thermic and chemical. One procedure which falls into the mechanical class is scratchy H2O jet ( AWJ ) film editing, and will be the focal point of this study. First, and prior to discoursing AWJ, the procedure of H2O jet ( WJ ) film editing will be introduced.Water Jet Cutting ( WJC )Water jet film editing, which is besides known as waterjet machining and hydrodynamic machining, was foremost developed in 1968, followed by the first commercial system in 1971 ( Zhong & A ; Han, 2003 ) . Through the usage of a all right, hard-hitting, high-speed watercourse of H2O directed at the work piece ( surface ) , a cut is created, as illustrated in figure 1 below. In order to bring forth the all right watercourse of H2O, a nose with an gap ( opening ) typically in the order of 0.1 – 0.4mm is used ( Groover , 1996 ) . Together with this, runing force per unit areas of around 400MPa and above are used to supply sufficient energy for cutting to be carried out. Furthermore, the fluid of the jet can frequently make 900m/s and the cardinal procedure parametric quantities include: H2O force per unit area, opening diameter, H2O flow rate and the working or ‘standoff ‘ distance between the nose and the work piece. Figure 1 – Schematic of WJC Process ( Groover, 1996 ) As the typical film editing force per unit areas as mentioned are required, a hydraulic pump is used to supercharge the fluid. The fluid is so passed through a valve, which regulates the flow rate in order to accomplish the optimal cut. The concluding phase of the fluid is to go through through the nozzle opening and impact the work piece surface from a controlled tallness.Procedure ParametersThe stuff from which the nose is made is doubtless the most of import parametric quantity in footings of procedure control ( as this greatly determines the opening diameter ) . The nozzle unit comprises of a unstained steel holder, together with a gem ; normally sapphire, ruby or diamond. Of these stuffs, diamond lasts the longest but is the most expensive. Recent progresss in the production of man-made sapphire offer this stuff as non merely the most cost effectual solution, but besides due to other advantages excessively. Man-made sapphire can be machined moderately accurately and besides has a high opposition to have on. The most common causes of nozzle failure are due to sedimentations come ining the fluid watercourse, therefore underscoring the demand for high degrees of filtration of the fluid prior to pressurisation, to cut down nozzle wear. With proper nozzle design a tight, coherent waterjet can be produced and maintained really accurately. When transporting out the cutting procedure, both the opening diameter and the ‘standoff ‘ distance must be closely monitored to keep a changeless deepness of cut. As the nozzle wears, compensatory alterations in the draw tallness must be made. Although existent draw distances vary from beginning to beginning, distances in the order of millimeters are normal ; normally around 0.25 – 3.5mm.WJC: Advantages and DisadvantagesWJC offers many advantages over conventional machining methods. This machining procedure provides the ability to cut stuffs without firing or oppressing the work piece. Furthermore, no important heat is generated, therefore, deformation is minimised and in some instances, eliminated. Unlike machining or grinding, no dust is produced ensuing in small environmental pollution. Other advantages include minimum material loss and easiness of mechanization when used with numerical control and industrial automatons. Whilst such advantages exist, one of the chief disadvantages to H2O jet film editing is that there are merely a limited figure of stuffs that can be cut economically ( MTU, 2009 ) . Although it is possible to cut tool steels utilizing this procedure, the provender rates have to be greatly reduced and therefore the edged clip increased. This, in kernel, consequences in a high cost procedure. Such stuffs that can be cut utilizing the H2O jet procedure include: plastics, fabrics, complexs, floor tiles, rug, leather and composition board.Abrasive Water Jet Cutting ( AWJC )To allow the film editing of difficult stuffs such as ceramics, metals and glass, together with those softer stuffs, for illustration froth and gum elastic, the WJC procedure requires the add-on of scratchy atoms, therefore organizing the scratchy H2O jet ( AWJ ) cutting technique. In a similar mode to WJC, the procedure is carried out utilizing a high-pressure, high-speed watercourse of H2O ; nevertheless, the discrepancy being that an scratchy stuff is dra wn in by a vacuity, which is created by jet watercourse. Figure 2 – Schematic of AWJC Process ( Meier, Louis & A ; Pilot, 1995 ) Figure 2 illustrates a typical apparatus for transporting out scratchy H2O jet film editing. It can be seen that this follows closely the agreement of WJC equipment, nevertheless, with the add-on of a twosome of cardinal characteristics ; viz. the scratchy eating system and a ‘catcher ‘ , which is required to protect the environment from the high energy jet.Procedure ParametersAs antecedently highlighted, the WJC procedure depends on a figure of parametric quantities. Whilst many of these are movable to the AWJC procedure, there are besides add-ons to reflect the alteration in cutting method. Momber & A ; Kovacevic ( 1998 ) present a list of such parametric quantities, which can be seen in figure 3 below. Figure 3 – AWJC procedure parametric quantities ( Momber & A ; Kovacevic, 1998 ) Although it is by and large accepted by many writers including JankoviA†¡ ( 2008 ) that the nose or opening diameter is the cardinal film editing parametric quantity, in the instance of AWJC, the abradant besides has considerable influences on the quality of the cut achieved. A choice of the parametric quantities as listed above has been explored in the subsequent subdivision, followed by an overview of the entire system control in the subdivision thenceforth.Procedure Parameters: Overview of Observed InfluencesThe most of import parametric quantity, by far, is the orifice diameter. The deepness of cut is straight relative to the opening diameter ; nevertheless, making an optimal point at big diameters. Although related to pump force per unit area, figure 4 below clearly illustrates this point, demoing how the deepness of cut varies with opening diameter. Figure 4 – Influence of opening diameter on the deepness of cut ( HeI?ling, 1988 ) Another parametric quantity that is closely linked to the opening diameter is the focal point diameter. This component of the cutting equipment determines the strength of the watercourse, therefore holding a direct consequence on the material remotion rate as shown by figure 5 below. Figure 5 – Influence of focal point diameter on the volume remotion rate ( Blickwedel, 1990 ) The focal point diameter is of import non merely in footings of the volume remotion rate but besides the deepness of cut. Figure 6 below shows how the deepness of cut is besides determined by this parametric quantity ; diminishing as the focal point diameter additions. The lessening in deepness of cut following an optimal point is realised by Himmelreich ( 1992 ) and has been attributed to high grades of turbulency. On the other manus, a peculiarly little focal point diameter gives rise to particle hit and clash, giving an inefficient procedure. Figure 6 – Influence of focal point diameter on the deepness of cut ( HeI?ling, 1988 ) Of the cutting parametric quantities listed, the crossbeam rate can be said to hold the greatest influence on the film editing procedure, followed closely by the draw distance. Both of these parametric quantities are controlled by machine design and therefore are bound by the makers ‘ specification. Figures 7 and 8 overleaf illustrate the influence of both the crossbeam rate and draw distance. It can be clearly seen that the deepness of cut lessenings as the crossbeam rate additions, following closely that of a squared map. However, on the other manus, the relationship between the draw distance and the deepness of cut is moderately additive ; with the deepness of cut decreasing as the draw distance additions. A big figure of scratchy stuffs are available for usage in AWJC. Typically these are loosely categorised as either oxides or silicates and there are, in a similar manner to the whole procedure, many parametric quantities that determine the features of an abradant. Figure 7 – Influence of crossbeam rate ( left ) and standoff distance ( right ) on the deepness of cut ( Blickwedel, 1990 ) Whilst it is hard to state precisely which parametric quantity has the greatest influence on the procedure, it is clear that both the hardness of the stuff together with the atom form and size, need consideration. Typical hardness values vary from 30 HV for Cd up to 200 HV for B carbide ( Kriegel & A ; Palmour, 1961 ) . Figure 8 shows the influence of both the atom form and size, whereas figure 9 overleaf high spots the significance of the mass flow rate of abradant on the deepness of cut achieved. Figure 8 – Influence of abradant ( atom ) diameter and size on the deepness of cut( Ohlsen, 1997 ; Oweinah, 1989 )Figure 9 – Influence of scratchy mass flow on the deepness of cut( Oweinah, 1989 )Abrasive Water Jet Cutting: Associated ProblemsIt is clear from the old subdivision that there are many parametric quantities that have an consequence on the AWJC procedure. If such parametric quantities are non carefully controlled, so the efficiency of the procedure decreases along with the quality of the machined portion. Some of the associated jobs are presented in table 1.Problem and definitionParameter ( s ) affected byConsequence on constituentTaper. This characteristic arises due to a difference in the breadth of the cut at the top surface and the bottom surface and is given as a ratio ( besides flank angle ) . Abrasive mass flow rate Focus diameter Standoff distance Trave rate This characteristic determines the dimensional truth of the portion. Initial Damage Zone. Abrasive atoms impact the surface at normal angles doing craters and abrasive-wear paths. Standoff distance Focus diameter ( Abrasive atom size – composite stuffs ) Some fictile distortion can happen. Change ( debasement ) in surface roughness/waviness. Trave rate Focus diameter/length Abrasive mass flow rate Abrasive atom size/type Surface belongingss of stuff are non as desired. Decrease in fatigue life of cut stuff due to check formation. Abrasive atom size Fatigue life reduced. Onset of stress-corrosion snap. Surface indurating due to procedure. Abrasive stuff Variation of hardness at distance from cut. Micro-structural alterations: Surface checking Phase alterations Abrasive-particle fragment implanting Delamination in composite stuffs Burr formation Assorted Assorted Table 1 – Problems that can originate when transporting out AWJCAbrasive Water Jet Cutting: Control MethodsTo guarantee such issues as those mentioned in table 1 do non happen, accurate control mechanisms must be in topographic point. There are many supervising mechanisms in topographic point today, some of which have been briefly described below. These methods lead to the control of the cutting procedure ; nevertheless, this is non automated in these instances. Jet-Structure Monitoring – used to command focal point diameter. Diameter of entry to concentrate point monitored to reflect alterations of focal point diameter. Wear rate can be monitored utilizing this method. Acoustic Sensing – used to supervise overall focal point conditions. System based on the fact that a alteration in the focal point conditions ( orifice diameter and concentrate diameter ) affects the sound generated by the system. Figure 10 ( overleaf ) illustrates the difference between the acoustic form of a new and worn nose. Inductive Measurement – used to supervise scratchy H2O jet speed. Method requires magnetic scratchy atoms. Abrasive jet is encircled by two little spirals, which is connected to a detection system. When the atom passes through the spiral, a little electric signal is created and the velocity determined. Figure 11 shows the typical apparatus of equipment, in this instance. Besides, laser systems similar to the above, nevertheless utilizing light pulsations alternatively. Material-Removal Visualisation – used to supervise material remotion rate. In a similar mode to Acoustic Sensing, noise of cut is monitored. Frequency of signal indicates type of cut ( inter-granular/trans-granular failure ) and therefore determines the efficiency of the cut. Workpiece Reaction Force – used to supervise deepness of incursion and surface topography. Empirical expression that takes into history all input parametric quantities excepting the crossbeam rate. Can go a force-feedback system ; leting parametric quantities to be modified to cut down the force. Figure 10 – Acoustic form for new and worn nose ( Kovacevic & A ; Evizi, 1990 ) Figure 11 – Initiation monitoring system ( Swanson, Kilman & A ; Cerwin, 1987 ) The above systems offer a chiefly generic attack to system patterning and supply small or no feedback. Modern control of AWJC makes usage of an intelligent monitoring and control system, which has full feedback capablenesss. Such an illustration by Srinivasu & A ; Babu ( 2008 ) utilises two systems: machine-vision based monitoring and intelligent control. The vision based portion monitors the size of the concentrating nose and the control system, which uses unreal nervous webs, continually modifies each parametric quantity to accomplish the best cut. A full analysis of this system is nevertheless beyond the range of this study. Abrasive Water Jet Cutting: Overview of Applications The applications of AWJC are huge, covering industries such as aerospace, automotive and electronics. It is beyond the range of this study to cover any peculiar country in important item ; nevertheless a few illustrations have been given below. Traditional and perchance even simple procedures have been ignored, and alternatively this study concentrates on a few non-standard applications.Meat CutingOne application of AWJ cutting is in the meat processing industry. Harmonizing to Wang & A ; Shanmugam ( 2008 ) , meat film editing is an of import activity and factors such as the cost, the presentation and sliting all need consideration. In this instance, salt is used as an scratchy and really good quality cuts, when compared to conventional film editing and even plain H2O jet film editing, can be achieved.Crunching Wheel ProductionThis illustration is slightly different to all other applications of AWJC as in most instances a through cut is desired. Axinte et Al. ( 2009 ) present an turn ing application, whereby crunching wheels are shaped harmonizing to their specification. Whilst this is considered a niche market, the writers conclude that AWJC has non merely the economical but besides proficient advantage for fabrication of this constituent. Assorted determining operations can be carried out, ensuing in such merchandises as figure 12 below. Figure 12 – Examples of crunching wheels manufactured utilizing AWJC ( Axinte et al. , 2009 )Polishing of SteelAnother application of AWJC is smoothing, and in peculiar steel. Yan et Al. ( 2008 ) describe this application, foregrounding that electrical-discharge machining ( EDM ) is normally used for mold production. The writers province that EDM typically leaves a brickle recast bed ; taking to the application of this smoothing method. When compared to traditional methods, AWJC has a lower scratchy ingestion and recycling is improved. In this illustration the abradant is SiC and to help the procedure is covered in wax. This consequences in a much finer surface coating.Complexs ProcessingThere are many applications of AWJC in relation to complexs treating as in some instances traditional single-point film editing procedures can non be used. For illustration, Komanduri ( 1997 ) describes that it is non possible to machine SiC whisker-reinforced aluminum oxide with a single-poin t film editing tool ; nevertheless, that it may be possible to determine by crunching. Whilst some complexs can be approached in this manner, rapid tool wear is experienced and therefore the debut of AWJC is a much better method.DecisionThe old subdivision provides a figure of non-standard illustrations where AWJC is being used. Although these give a general overview, AWJC can besides be used for alternate machining procedures, such as: milling, turning, piercing, boring ( although non level bottomed holes ) and thread film editing ( Momber & A ; Kovacevic, 1998 ) . Although such procedures as above can be achieved, in a similar instance to before there are many parametric quantities that need to be monitored. This is possibly a downside to this untraditional method unless modern control methods are introduced. Further disadvantages of the procedure include the fact that degradable stuffs can non be cut and the surface coating of machined constituents relies to a great extent on the procedure. Possibly the most important consideration of using this procedure is the apparatus cost ; which can be highly high in certain instances. One other disadvantage is the noise created by this fabrication procedure. Although, as highlighted above, there are many factors that control the procedure its application to modern industry has grown significantly since its debut in the 1970 ‘s. This has been driven chiefly by technological promotions, therefore leting this procedure to be developed, but besides due to of all time germinating stuffs that serve technology applications of today.