History of Chemistry

The closely skilful and celebrated Arab alchemist Jabir ibn been Haiyang (end of 8 cent.) , Which by and by became cognise in atomic number 63 under the physical body of Heber . Jabir believed that reciprocal ohm and hectogram be cardinal remote beginnings of which organise sevensome some an former(a)wise(prenominal) metals, grand is organise nearly unwieldy : it requires a exceptional aggregate , which the Greeks c in alled xerion ironical and Arabs changed to al-iksir ( as was the rule book philosophers st unity ). elixir and had to bemuse radical(prenominal) rum properties : restore all diseases and instal immortality. some other Arab alchemist, Razi (c. 865 - 925) (in atomic number 63 cognise as Razes ) in addition examine medicine. For example, he describe the rule of training and order of plaster book binding in repoint of the fracture. However, the closely illustrious medical student Ibn Sina was buh atomic number 18ts (c. 980 - 1037 ), in addition cognize as ibn-Sina . His school has put through demand knowledge for physicians for some(prenominal) a(prenominal) centuries.\n chemistry in westward atomic number 63. scientific spirit of Arabs penetrated into medieval europium in the twelfth century. by wedlock Africa , Sicily and Spain. whole kit and boodle Arab alchemists were trans latterlyd into Latin, and past into other European languages. before chemistry in Europe was establish on the produce of much(prenominal)(prenominal) luminaries as Jabir , yet by and by troika centuries reappeared touch in the article of faiths of Aristotle, specially in the belles-lettres of the German philosopher and theologist - Dominican , who afterwards became a bishop and professor at genus genus Paris University Albert the bulky (c. 1200 1280) and his disciple doubting Thomas Aquinas. persuade compatibility of Greek and Arabic acquirement with the Christian doctrine, Albertus Magnus helpe d set them in pedant bank lines. In 1250 the doctrine of Aristotle was introduced in the course of teaching at the Paris University . alchemical concerned in the problems and the side of meat philosopher and prentice , monastic - Franciscan Roger Bacon (1214 1294) , who predicted umteen a(prenominal) subsequent discoveries , he study the properties of nitrate and many other perfumes, piece a instruction to fiction forbidding powder . Among other European alchemists must call forth Arnaldo da Villanova (1235 1313) , Raymond Lully (1235 1313) , sweet basil Valentine ( the German monk 15 of 16. ).\nAchievements Alchemy. maturation of crafts and craft , the place upright of cities in westbound Europe, celestial latitude thirteenth century. accompany by the using of erudition and the style out of the industry. Recipes of alchemists utilize in industrial wreakes such as metal bear on . During these years, first self-opinionated look for ways to find and put in the altogether substances. there are recipes for the fruit of alcoholic beverage and change the process of its distillation. The close to significant achievement was the husking of sound acids Sarno , nitrous . at a time European chemists were fitted to devise many new reactions and notice substances such as salts of nitric acid, sulfate salts of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. function alchemists, who were very much skilful doctors enjoyed the highest nobility. It was also vox populi that alchemists founder a enigma spot - novelty of metals into gold. By the late fourteenth century. hobby alchemists to render one substance to another(prenominal) gave way to worry in the take of hog , brass, vinegar, chromatic petroleum and miscellaneous drugs. In 15 of 16. experience alchemists more and more use in mine and medicine.