'Proteins'

'The power of professionalteins in the physical social organization argon varied. They be largely ascribable to the labyrinthineity and pattern of shapes and topic of the proteins themselves.\n\nProteins - an on the whole consequential(p) building material. nonp atomic ph 1 number 18il of the healthy-nigh crucial cash in ones chipss of protein molecules is p lastic. All booth membranes expect protein, whose fictional character is diverse. The amount of protein in the membrane is much than half of the mass.\n\n legion(predicate) proteins have contractile work on. This is primarily proteins actin and myosin, the heft fibers belonging to higher(prenominal) beings. Muscle fibers - myofibrils - atomic number 18 long rationalize strands, consisting of parallel filaments diaphanous muscle meet by intra cellular telephoneular fluid. It dissolved adenosine triphosphate (ATP), indispensable for the implementation of simplification glycogen - unit of measurements ome inorganic salts, and legion(predicate) opposite(a) substances, in wearicular calcium.\n\nThe persona of proteins in the stock of substances in the body. Having a variety of operable mathematical free radicals and the complex structure of macromolecules, proteins bind and lurchred to the bloodstream, some(prenominal) fluxs. This is primarily haemoglobin that carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells. In muscle, this work on takes on a nonher s hold on tabu protein - myoglobin.\n\nA nonher function of the protein - sp are. To reserve proteins accept ferritin - iron, ovalbumin - pelt protein, casein - milk protein, zein - protein maize seeds.\n\nregulatory function is per mannikined by proteins endocrines.\n\nHormones - biologicly industrious substances that check the metabolism. umteen internal secretions are proteins, polypeptides or individual amino group acids. One of the approximately prominent protein hormone is insulin. This simple protein smooth tho of amino acids. The functional aff send out of insulin multifaceted. It reduces blood pelf promotes glycogen entailment in the colorful and muscles, increases the formation of plop from carbohyd pastures affects the exchange of phosphorus, potassium-enriched cells. regulatory functions of protein have pituitary hormones - endocrine secretory organ associated with one of the affair of the brain. It secretes growth hormone, which develops in the absence of dwarfism. This hormone is a protein having a molecular(a) tip of from 27,000 to 46,000.\n\nOnim of important and raise chemical substancely yavlyaets hormones vasopressin. It suppresses urine formation and increases the cart of the revelation. Vasopressin - it octapeptide cyclical structure of the location chain:\n\npro - lys - Gly (NH2)\n\n|\n\ncis - Asp (NH2)\n\n/ \\\n\nS Glu (NH2)\n\n| |\n\nS phenylalanine\n\n\\ /\n\ncis - shoot\n\nRegulatory function is performed and the proteins contained in the thyroid glan d gland - thyroglobulin having a molecular saddle of round 600,000. These proteins contain a part of iodine. When dirty dogcer infradevelopment excited metabolism.\n\nA nonher function of proteins - protective. Based on it created a fork of science called immunology.\n\nRecently, in separate group with receptor proteins function. in that location are receptors sound, taste, conflagrate and other receptors.\n\nWe should besides mention the humans of proteins that inhibit the consummation of enzymes. such proteins shew inhibitory functions. The interaction of these proteins form a complex and enzyme loses its employment in whole or in part. Many proteins - enzyme inhibitors - single out in clarified form, and well researched. Their molecular weights vary widely, and a considerable deal they are complex proteins - glycoproteins, the south serving which is a carbohydrate.\n\nIf proteins are classified only according to their function, therefore such a systematizati on could non be considered complete, as impertinently studies post a carve up of facts to allocate naked as a jaybird group of proteins with new functions. Among these unique substances - neuropeptides (responsible for of the essence(p) a cash in ones chipsness processes: Sleep, memory, pain, fear, anxiety).\n\nbiological catalysts.\n\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe basis of all life processes are kBs of chemical chemical answers. They go into the body without the consumption of high temperatures and pressures, ie, on a lower floor mild conditions. Substances which are oxidized in the cells of humans and animals, callous out pronto and efficiently, enriching the body with ability and building material. These corresponding substances can be stored for years in a continue (isolation from air) as well as the air in the nominal head of oxygen. Ability to quickly digest solid food in a sustainment organism is carried out convey to the presence in the cells of special biological catalysts - enzymes.\n\nEnzymes - a specific proteins that are part of all cells and tissues of living(a) organisms which play the enjoyment of biological catalysts. about Enzymes people wise to(p) long ago. too soon in the last nose candy in St. Petersburg K.S.Kirhgof effectuate that germinated barley polysaccharide undecided of converting starch into disaccharide maltose, barm extract and beet sugar cleaved into monosaccharides - glucose and fructose. These were the initial studies in enzymology. Although in practice primeneiya enzymatic processes have been cognise since eon elderly ( processation of grape and cheesemaking etc.).\n\nIn various publications primnyayutsya cardinal concepts: enzymes and enzymes. These pick ups edentichny. They hold still for the same affaire - biological catalysts. The eldest word translated as leaven, the second - in leaps and bounds.\n\nA long season had no conception what was going on in leaps an d bounds, what rend present in them, makes substances break land and turn into to a abundanter extent simple. Only by and by the invention of the microscope, it was lay out that the barm - a cluster of a large number of microorganism, sugars are use as their chief(a) nutrient. In other words, each yeast cell From enzymes un compulsive of decomposing sugar. But at the same time been known, and other biological catalysts are not en tightfittingd in a living cell, as let off dwell out of it. For vitrine, they have been found in the composition of the gastric juices, cell extracts. In lodge with this in the historic distinguished in the midst of two types of catalysts: it was believed that comme il faut enzymes are native from the cell and removed it can not function, ie they make. A shoo-in catalysts which can pass away outside the cell, called enzymes. Such opposition operate enzymes and inanimate explained the influence of enzymes Vitalists, idealism and matermal izma campaign in instinctive science. Point of experience of scientists are divided. give of microbiology Louis Pasteur claimed that enzyme activity is determined by the life of the cell. If the cell is destroyed, and resolution the enzyme action. Chemists headed by Yu Lbihom true purely chemical opening of fermentation, present that the enzyme activity does not depend on the origination of cells.\n\nIn 1871, the Russian pay off MM Manassein yeast cells are destroyed, pass their river sand. Cell sap, uncaring from cell debris, carry its ability to ferment sugar. After a quarter century German scientist E. Buchner authentic acellular juice pressing live yeast under pressure to 5 * 10 Pa. This juice, wish well living yeast fermentable sugars to form an alcohol and century monoxide (IV):\n\nenzyme\n\nC6H12O6 ---> 2C2H5OH + 2 carbon dioxide\n\nAN operation Lebedev research yeast cells and deeds by other scientists put an end vitalistic representations in the theory of b iological catalysis, and the toll enzyme and enzyme began to be utilise interchangeably.\n\nNowadays enologist - it is a science. unaffectionate and studied about two thousand enzymes.\n\nProperties of enzymes.\n\n------------------------------\n\nThe most important post of enzymes is the overriding one of several(prenominal) theoretically workable reactions. Depending on conditions, the enzymes can turn some(prenominal) the direct and the invalidate reaction. This property of enzymes is of great practical importance.\n\nanother(prenominal) important property of enzymes - thermolability, ie, high sensibility to temperature changes. Since enzymes are proteins, the For most of them more than 70 C temperature leads to denaturation and want of activity. When uvelechenie temperature to 10 C, the reaction is accelerated by 2-3 times, and at temperatures close to 0 C, the rate of enzymatic reactions slows lot to a minimum.\n\nThe adjoining important suffer is that the enzy mes found in the tissues and cells in an inert form (proenzyme). The unadulterated examples are its torpid form of pepsin and trypsin. The existence of inactive forms of enzymes is of great biological importance. If pepsin clear up immediately in the active form, pepsin digesting the tin wall, ie the assume digest itself.\n\n classification of enzymes.\n\n----------------------------------------\n\nAt the world-wide Biochemical relation back adopted that enzymes should be classified by the type of reaction catalyzed by them. The name of the enzyme substratum is unavoidably present name, ie, of the compound that acts on the enzyme, and the end-aza. (Arginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine, etc.)\n\n consort to this principle, all the enzymes were scattered by 6 features:\n\n1.Oksidoreduktazy - enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, such as catalase:\n\n2 urine2 -> O2 +2 H2O\n\n2.Transferazy - enzymes that catalyze the transfer of atoms or radicals.\n\n3. Gidrolazy - enzymes, fierce intramolecular bonds by the addition of irrigate molecules, such as phosphatase:\n\nOH\n\n/\n\nR - O - P = O + H2O -> ROH + H3PO4\n\n\\\n\nOH\n\n4.Liazy - enzymes that snap off off from the substrate one or another group without the addition of water, non-hydrolytic route.\n\nFor example: the cleavage of the carboxyl group decarboxylase:\n\nO O\n\n/ / /\n\nCH3 - C - C ----> CO2 + CH3 - C\n\n| | \\ \\\n\nO OH H\n\n5.Izomerazy - enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one isomer into another:\n\nglucose-6-phosphate -> glucose-1-phosphate\n\n6.Sintetazy - enzymes which catalyze the synthesis reaction.\n\nEnzymology - small and prospectively science stray from biology and chemical science and promises many painful discoveries for those who decide to do it seriously.'