Fall in Elderly

1 The Role of Tai Chi Exercise in Promoting Health Benefits for Older Persons Fuzhong Li, Ph. D. , Oregon Research Institute Tai Chi, or Taijiquan to be exact, originated in China about 300 hundreds years ago (China Sports, 1980) and began as a form of martial arts like boxing. It has continued to evolve from being originally used as a combative and self-defense form to a health-enhancing exercise, practiced by individuals of all ages to maintain health and prevent disease. As an alternative exercise, Tai Chi has drawn increasing research interest, with accumulating evidence showing the therapeutic value of Tai Chi to overall health and well-being. The goal of this paper is to summarize current research findings with a particular focus on geriatric populations, discuss findings with respect to their practical implications, and highlight future research directions. Overview of Research Findings A number of excellent review articles exist showing evidence that Tai Chi generates various health benefits for individuals of varying age groups and patient populations (Fasko & Grueninger, 2001; Lan, Lai, & Chen, 2002; Li, Hong, & Chan, 2001; Verhagen, Immink, va der Meulen et al. , 2004; Wang, Collet, & Lau, 2004; Wayne, Krebs, Wolf, et al. , 2004; Wu, 2002). Without overdue redundancy, the following provides a summary review of research studies that involve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) although results from non-RCTs are reported in the absence of RCTs. With aging processes, declines in physical and mental status in older adults often result in balance control impairments, functional limitations in locomotor activities, disability in particular activities, and decreased quality of life. Therefore, this review also focuses on health outcomes that have been shown to be clinically most relevant to this population. These include balance and falls, musculoskeletal conditions, sleep quality, cardiovascular and respiratory function, and psychosocial wellbeing. Balance Control, Falls, and Fear of Falling Falls are significant public health problem among older adults (Murphy, 2000; Stevens, 2005), making it a major threat to the independence and quality of life of older adults, as well as imposing significant burden to individuals, society, and national health systems (National Action Plan, 2005). As a stand-alone exercise intervention, Tai Chi has been shown to reduce the risk for falls. Wolf and his colleagues (1996) conducted the very first randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of two methods of exercise on falls. Community living healthy adults were randomized to one of three groups: Tai Chi training; computerized balance training; and an attention control. Results of this 15-week trial showed that Tai Chi participants experienced significant reductions (by about 47%) in falls compared to the exercise control participants. In a follow-up 48-week RCT, Wolf et al (2003) evaluated Tai Chi with older adults who were less robust (that is, transitioning to frailty). No significant between-experimental group reductions in falls were observed. However, by analyzing fall data from month four through month twelve, the study showed a significantly reduced risk of falls in the Tai chi group compared with the exercise control group. In an independent study, Li et al. (2005) confirmed the general findings of those reported by Wolf and his colleagues. These researchers reported that, at the end of a 6-month Tai Chi intervention, significantly fewer falls (38 versus 73), lower proportions of fallers (28% versus 46%), and injurious falls (7% versus 18%) were observed in the Tai Chi condition, compared to a low-impact stretching control condition. Overall, the risk of multiple falls in the Tai Chi group was 55% lower than that of the stretching controls. In addition, compared to stretching control participants, Tai Chi participants showed significant improvements in measures of functional balance, physical performance, and reduced fear of falling. Of equal importance, intervention gains in these measures were maintained at a 6-month postintervention follow-up in the Tai Chi group (Li et al. 2004). Musculoskeletal Conditions Evidence to date indicates that Tai Chi training preserves or even increases lower-extremity muscle strength. Wolfson et al. (1996) showed that 6 months of Tai Chi training (following their primary interventions) did not improve lower-extremity muscle strength, compared to an exercise control group. However, their data did indicate that Tai Chi training preserved lowerextremity strength gains developed by the intervention. In a 20-week pilot study, Christou et al. 2003) showed that, compared to those in the control condition, Tai Chi participants significantly improved knee extensor strength and force control among older adults. Tai Chi also appears to be safe and beneficial for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In a randomized trial among older women with osteoarthritis, Song et al (2003) showed a 12-week Tai Chi program resulted in significant improvements in pain and stiffness in joint s, balance, and abdominal strength, and fewer reported perceived difficulties in physical functioning, compared to those of control subjects. Another randomized trial, Hartman et al (2000) showed that a 12week program significantly improved osteoarthritis symptoms such as fatigue, arthritis selfefficacy, feelings of tension, and satisfaction with general health status. More recent evidence points to the potential of Tai Chi as a weight-bearing exercise for retarding bone loss in older women. In a 12-month randomized trial, Chan et al (2004) tested the hypothesis that Tai Chi may retard bone loss in early postmenopausal women. At the end of the trial, bone mineral density (BMD) measurements revealed a general bone loss in both Tai Chi and control subjects at all measured skeletal sites, but with a slower rate in the Tai Chi group. Although the BMD findings were equivocal, the findings lend some support for the potential of Tai Chi to retard bone loss. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function Although numerous studies have evaluated the effects of Tai Chi on cardiovascular and respiratory function, no RCTs have been reported that involve older adults. A number of Taiwanbased observational studies have shown improvements in cardiorespiratory function resulting from Tai Chi. For example, among long-term older adults practicing Tai Chi, significantly better cardiorespiratory function has been reported (Lai, Lan, Wong, & Teng, 1995; Lan, Lai, Chen, & Wong, 1998), and improvements were also observed among coronary artery bypass surgery patients deemed to be at low risk during their participation in a Tai Chi exercise program (Lan, Chen, Lai, & Wong, 1999). Hypertension Tai Chi is a low-impact activity with self-paced and fluid movements, making it appropriate as a means to reduce blood pressure in people with hypertension. Two intervention trials compared the effects of Tai Chi and aerobic exercise on blood pressure – a surrogate for hypertension. An earlier study by Channer et al (1996) showed that over 11 sessions of exercise, both Tai Chi and aerobic exercise were associated with reductions in systolic blood pressure; Tai Chi was also associated with reductions in diastolic blood pressure in a sample of patients recovering from acute myocardial infraction. In a different study by Young et al. (1999), physically inactive older women with systolic blood pressure 130-159 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure > 95 mmHg were randomized to a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program or a Tai Chi program of light activity. At the end of the intervention, the Tai Chi group decreased 7. 0 mmHg of systolic and 2. 4 mmHg of diastolic blood pressure. No significant differences were observed between the two exercise activities. The authored concluded that programs of moderate intensity aerobic exercise and light exercise may have similar effects on blood pressure in previously sedentary older individuals. Quality of Sleep Self-reported sleep complaints are common among older adults (Neubauer, 1999) and it is estimated that up to 50% of elderly persons complain about their sleep (Alessi, 2000). Li et al. (2003) conducted a six-month intervention trial to examine the impact of a simpler Tai Chi program on improving quality of sleep and reducing daytime sleepiness among older adults reporting moderate sleep complaints. Participants were randomly assigned to a Tai Chi group or an exercise control group. At the end of the study, Tai Chi participants reported significant improvements in several sleep-quality related measures in comparison to the control participants; with reduced sleep latency (by about 18 minutes per night) and daytime sleepiness, and improved sleep duration (by about 48 minutes per night). The study provided preliminary evidence linking the benefits of Tai Chi exercise to improved quality of sleep and reduced daytime sleepiness in older adults. Psychosocial Wellbeing and Confidence Li and his colleagues (2001a,b,c,d, 2002a, 2002b) provided a series of reports examining the extent to which Tai Chi enhanced older adults’ multidimensional psychological well-being and health-related quality of life indicators. In a 6-month randomized controlled trial, healthy older adults were randomly assigned to either a control condition or Tai Chi. Results indicated that Tai Chi participants reported higher levels of health perceptions, life satisfaction, positive affect, and well-being, and lower levels of depression, negative affect, and psychological distress (Li et al. 2001a). Participants also showed higher levels of both domain-specific physical self-esteem (Li et al. , 2002b) and exercise self-efficacy relevant to movement confidence (Li et al. , 2001c). Change in the level of movement self-efficacy was found to be significantly related to change in physical functioning (Li et al. , 2001b). Similar profiles have been reported by other researchers (Kutner, Barnhart, Wolf, McNeely, & Xu 1997) in that Tai Chi practice resulted in improved well-being, increased alertness, relaxation, better mental outlook, achievement, and greater confidence. Practical Implications The previous summary and review makes it clear that Tai Chi provides multiple health and therapeutic benefits for older adults. Thus, some discussion of practical implications appears to be in order. Fall Prevention Falls can result in devastating consequences for older adults. Accumulating evidence to date suggest that Tai Chi may be an effective means of improving deficits in balance and functional limitations, and therefore, may serve as a therapeutic exercise for balance and strength, and consequently, reduce the risk of falling and the rate of falls in older adults. Tai Chi may also be considered as an exercise modality that generates confidence building to counteract fear of falling, a common psychological symptom of falls among community adults. However, Tai Chi does not provide a quick fix for the fall problem. Most research in this area has focused on short-term results. Findings from current RCTs show that, however, a minimum of three months training is required before clinically meaningful reductions in risks of falling can be achieved, suggesting the need for long-term, sustained, and frequent practice, perhaps on a day-to-day basis, to obtain the full benefit. Tai Chi as an Alternative, Therapeutic Exercise Tai Chi has been recommended for treating many chronic conditions. For example, as a lowimpact, low-intensity alternative exercise therapy, Tai Chi has also been proposed as a potential option for the management of osteoarthritis (Lumsden, Baccala & Aartire, 1998). As a fall prevention activity, Tai Chi has emerged as an appropriate stand-alone balance training program for older adults to improve balance and prevent falls (JAGS, 2001). But even though Tai Chi appears to have numerous benefits to participants, it is still too early for physicians to begin prescribing Tai Chi as a remedy for chronic health problems because many of the studies have design limitations (Wang et al. , 2004), making it difficult to generalize results to broader patient populations. In this regard, patients with chronic health problems need to take precautions before beginning a Tai Chi program, because for some people Tai Chi could worsen medical conditions or problems/ symptoms. In some cases, appropriate odifications may be needed to better accommodate patients’ special needs or physical limitations. Program Costs, Logistics, and Protocols One of the most desirable aspects of Tai Chi is its absence of a need for high technology in promoting health. Tai Chi is easily distinguished from highly technical computerized balance training protocols, and may be just as successful in achieving fall reduction or balance improvement objectiv es; certainly, Tai Chi is more practical. Tai Chi is a low-cost exercise regimen because special equipment or facilities are not needed (Lan et al. 2002; Li et al. , 2003). Li et al (2001b) reported that, in a 6-month RCT, the total direct cost was approximately $9000 (an average of $3. 50 per person per session). Others (Wilson & Datta, 2001) have reported that a twice weekly Tai Chi program was cost-saving whether direct benefits alone (hip fracture costs averted) or direct plus indirect benefits were considered, with a total net cost savings of $1274. 43 per person per year. When considering direct cots only, the net cost savings were $8. 04 per participant per year. Lower costs ensure that more community-dwelling older adults have 5 sufficient access to programs, and abundant opportunities to participate, which is likely to have profound public health implications. While costs of learning Tai Chi are potentially low, one should not underestimate the fact that Tai Chi is a complex system of movements that, when performed, requires body awareness, motor coordination, and agility; features that could make Tai Chi less immediately deliverable to community adults (Li et al. 2003). Therefore, even though the benefits of regular Tai Chi exercise are quite clear, the challenge of maximizing the opportunity for older persons remains because certain movements may be beyond the capabilities of some elderly individuals or others with disabilities. Thus, there is a need to modify existing Tai Chi protocols to develop forms that are simple, easy to perform, and enjoyable (Chen, 2002; Li et al. , 2003; Wolf et al. , 1997), and that do not require years of sust ained practice to master. Tai Chi Styles There are several styles of Tai Chi, some of which are historic/traditional and some of which are of more recent origin. The earliest known form can be traced to the Chen style and evolved and progressed into multiple styles or schools. Currently, there are five main schools of Tai Chi (People’s Sports, 1996), each named after the style’s founding family: (a) Chen, (b) Yang, (c) Sun, (d) Wu (Jian Qian), and (e) Wu (He Qin). Each style has a characteristic protocol that differs from other styles in the postures or forms included, the order in which they appear, the pace at which movements are executed, and the level of difficulty. For example, one significant difference between Chen and Yang styles is that Yang style movements are relaxed and evenly paced. By comparison, the Chen style is characterized by alternating slow movements with quick and vigorous movements, including restrained and controlled actions/motions, reflecting its martial origin. Yang Style Tai Chi, which evolved from the Chen school, is probably the most popular Tai Chi style being practiced today (e. g. , Swaim, 1999; Yu & Johnson, 1999). Yang style movements are performed in a relaxed and flowing manner, with the trunk erect as the axis of all movements, making it immediately suitable for elderly, frail, or disabled populations. To date, the Yang style, with its variations, has been used as an therapeutic exercise modality in most medical and behavioral research. Although there are multiple versions of the Yang style (both short and long, covering 24-, 48-, 88-, and 108-Forms) (China National Sports Commission, 1983), the 24-Form, based on the most popular sequences of the Yang Chengfu school (China Sports, 1980; People Sports, 1996), is the most readily adaptable to the lifestyles and living situations of older adult populations. It is also the most accommodating, requiring minimal demands of personal strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and motor skills for participation. Is Tai Chi Ready for Dissemination? In a 2001 joint communique on the prevention of falls among the elderly, the American Geriatrics Society, the British Geriatrics Society, and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons suggested that Tai Chi â€Å"†¦is a promising type of exercise, although it requires further evaluation before it can be recommended as the preferred balance training† (JAGS, 2001). Since the publication of this joint communique, one large successful RCTs has been published (Li et al. , 2005) providing supporting evidence documented by Wolf et al. ’s earlier work (1996). As a result of these studies, we should be asking questions about how we can most effectively translate and disseminate the Tai Chi program. With this accumulated evidence, the time is near 6 for Tai Chi to be recommended as a preferred exercise for balance training and be routinely prescribed for older patients at risk for falling following appropriate screening. Future Research Directions Despite the increasing interest in studying the effectiveness of Tai Chi training and the resulting evidence of health benefits, there remain areas that require further research. We highlight a few of these. A Need to Understand the Mechanisms of the Benefits Shown Although findings from Tai Chi intervention studies are important from a public health perspective, they provide little information relative to the underlying mechanisms that may produce such effects. In this regard, little attention has been given considering intervention/treatment mediators or moderators that help identify causal pathways between treatment and outcome, and possible mechanisms through which a treatment might achieve its effects. For example, although Tai Chi has repeatedly been shown to improve balance, possible mechanisms by which Tai Chi improves this outcome, and prevent subsequent falls, remains to be determined. Future studies should target specifically older adults with balance impairments, and consider integrated laboratory and/or clinical measures that may help identify specific mechanisms whereby Tai Chi can remedy balance disorders. A Need to Better Understand Effects to Patients with Chronic Conditions A review by Wang et al. (2004) concluded that there is insufficient information to recommend Tai Chi to patients with chronic conditions. For example, the impact of Tai Chi on several important geriatric syndromes such as frailty, dementia, and sarcopenia are worthy of study or further research. Large clinical trials, involving populations with specific medical conditions are needed before health professionals can recommend Tai Chi exercise as an alternative to the more conventional exercise forms that have been shown to produce health benefits. The potential application of Tai Chi to important geriatric issues yet to be studied include: obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes, neurological disorders (e. g. , Parkinson’s disease; peripheral neuropathy). A Need to Study Long-Term Effects Tai Chi intervention studies are typically conducted with a short-duration (e. g. , 3 months, 6 months). Long-term effects of Tai Chi training (e. g. , 12 months up to 2 or 3 years) are largely undetermined. Therefore, questions such as how long the established effects on clinical endpoints will sustain over a longer period of time remains to be determined. Certain outcomes may take a longer time to show an effect. Reductions in falls are a good example. Other outcomes such as BMD, may require up to one year to demonstrate clinically meaningful change because Tai Chi is a low-impact activity. Also, research from the general exercise literature indicates that people who participate in an exercise program often fall back into their older inactive lifestyle after a program ends (van der Bij, Laurant, & Wensing, 2002). Although anecdotal evidence suggest that participants remained active upon program termination (Li et al. , 2001b; Wolf et al. , 1996), critical issues such as getting people to initiate and maintain the Tai Chi activity over a long-term need to be addressed. A Need to Evaluate Programs That Can Be Disseminated in Broader Community Settings Ultimately, for the results of the research-based evidence to have greater public health impact they must be diffused and made accessible to the community. However, it remains unclear whether the general community can readily implement or adopt these Tai Chi training protocols despite evidence of their tested efficacy. To date, there is no widespread, nationally available Tai Chi-based falls prevention program that is based on the effectiveness of scientifically controlled studies. In this regard, program evaluation research is needed to translate effective interventions into a program that is implementable in community settings. The Oregon Research Institute is currently conducting a project to move effective interventions into community practice. The project has identified randomized controlled studies of scientifically-based effective Tai Chi fall interventions and focuses on issues related to â€Å"reach† (i. e. , proportion of older adults who are willing to participate in a given Tai Chi program initiative), â€Å"uptake† (adoption; i. e. , the proportion of settings and service agencies who are willing to initiate a program), and â€Å"implementation† (i. e. the intervention agents' fidelity to the various elements of a Tai Chi training protocol, including consistency of delivery as intended and the time and cost of the intervention). The intended results of this translation and dissemination project will provide an effective, evidence-based falls prevention package that can be implemented in community settings to improve functional ability and reduce fall prevalence among communit y-dwelling older adults. Summary The extant research evidence provides strong support for what was originally considered â€Å"anecdotal evidence† about the health benefits of Tai Chi for older adults. Overall, Tai Chi has been shown to have physiologic and psychosocial benefits and appears to be safe and effective in promoting balance control and muscular strength, and cardiovascular fitness for older adults. More research is needed, with rigorous scientific methodologies, to fully understand the mechanisms whereby Tai Chi produces these health benefits. From a public health perspective, immediate efforts are needed to translate programs that can be disseminated in local settings that target community healthy older adults. Fuzhong Li, Ph. D. , is a Senior Research Scientist at the Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR. References Alessi, C. A. (2000). Sleep disorders. In Beers MH, Berkow R, eds. The Merck Manual of Geriatrics. 3rd edition. NJ: Merck & Co, 459-463. 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Communication in an Organisation Essay

It is not possible to have human relations without communication. However, good and effective communication is required not only for good human relations but also for good and successful business. Communication is the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender’s intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. It requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality and the communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender so communication must include both the transfer and the understanding of meaning. I think that effective communication is needed within a business for both the manager’s and the organization’s success because it is required for the day to day running of the business . Effective communication is required at various levels and for various aspects in an organization so that there can be manager and employee relations. Effective communication of information and decision is an essential component for management-employee relations. The manager cannot get the work done from employees unless they are communicated effectively of what he/she wants to be done so therefore effective communication does not take place within an organization then employees will not know how to go about achieving company goals. Managers should also be sure of some basic facts such as how to communicate and what results can be expected from that communication. Most of management problems arise because of lack of effective communication. Chances of misunderstanding and misrepresentation can be minimized with proper communication system. When there is ineffective communication it leaves room for mistakes and sometime projects and reports have to be revised or done over thus causing resources to be squandered and may cause employees and managers to be frustrated. Finally, communication between management and employees can help the management better address concerns the employees may have, reassuring the staff and helping management to remedy potential problems facing the organization. Motivation can also arise from effective communication and this can make employees more productive which in turn will ensure the success of the business. When employees are able to easily communicate to their employers their opinions and problems they tend to be productive on the job and intent on working to best of their abilities. On the other hand manager can tell employees that they are doing a great job or ask for their opinions in the decision making process. Effective communication in the workplace plays a prominent role in developing long lasting employee motivation and one of many positive benefits gained from well-established organizational communication is improved relationships. Improving relationships between management and staff is quite important and is often overlooked. Things will go smoothly when everyone is on the same page, understanding of goals and the direction a company is going. The best process of communicating here is well thought out emails that follow the chain of command and face to face interactions. A company also uses communication as a way to maintain control over employees and their work environment. Written human resources policies and procedures dictate how employees are permitted to act in the workplace. Job descriptions outline the parameters of an employee’s job functions. Performance reviews control whether an employee receives a raise or attains a promotion. Communication allows employees to interact with customers and each other. A customer service department communicates with customers to help them resolve issues. A business letter can be used to introduce a company to a potential customer. Communication is essential for employees who work together on a project or during the training process. Employees may interact socially both at work and outside the workplace. Every organization offers a service or good so there needs to be an effective line of communication between the organization and its customers. Those organizations need to be able communicate about what they are offering with the consumer base they are targeting. Effective communication with consumers provides two benefits. First, it lets consumers know about what is being offered and why the organization’s offers should be preferred over the competitions. It also allows the organization to gain feedback from consumers so they can alter either their communication tactics or their offers to make sure they are appealing to the largest amount of consumers possible. Communication is necessary to effectively function, both inside an organization and when dealing with the outside world. The above inferences attest to the importance of effective communication within an organization if it is intent on both the manager and business success. Effective communication is not only important within the organization but also information should relay to stakeholders in order to guarantee the organizations attainment of its goals.

OMNI Services Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

OMNI Services - Case Study Example Its businesses operated in many locations that comprised the larger percentage of its revenue. The main headquarter was placed at Kansas City. Other services included the provision of laundry and rental services, linen-supply services, and dust-control services. The company also provided executive garments for office and management personnel, shop towels, store floor mats, fender covers and linen role towels. Eleven of its twelve subsidiaries were located on the fringes of metropolitan areas. Their largest operation was first established in Culpeper, Virginia. It served the entire Washington D.C. area as well as other less populated areas surrounding D.C. the company enjoyed labor from employees who were more dependable due to their urban location. The OMNI deal uses a market capitalization weighted approach to carry out investments in broad and diverse group of small-cap stocks. The company benefited most due to its relationship with its customers. Its brands remained on top due to strategic value creation in business. The company always delivered relevant brands on time. Consumers have more control to dictate how and when they want to interact with their money. One of its strategic and financial values is governance and organization. The insights into the economics of a company organization can be of great value (Pablo 2002). Due to the company understanding of the above it was able to provide an analysis for decisions on its organization. The company was able to carry out major decisions such as which markets to venture into and how to venture into those markets. The owners were able to understand how different structures of ownership or organization affect and influence both finance and governance. The other strategic and finance value is the corporate and managerial strategy (Pablo 2002). Per se, it taught the management the theoretical and practical approaches top strategic management. It guides on perspectives on leadership approaches or managerial

Counseling Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counseling Theory - Essay Example c psychological complexities of females, feminists counselling theorist have formulated five primary therapeutic doctrines.(Cole, Rothblum, and Enns, 1997) They are; 1) the personal is aligned to the political, 2) remain committed to social change. 3) maintain egalitarian relationships, 4) respect and honor female experiences and opinions, and 5) oppression of all types are recognized and acknowledged. (Cole, Rothblum, and Enns, 1997) Tied to these doctrines is the feminist’s counsellor’s desire to cultivate change, equity, crossing interdependence with independence, empowerment, self-nurturing and an appreciation for diversity. (Cole, Rothblum, and Enns, 1997) In adopting the feminine counselling theory I would approach from the concept that human nature dictates that the gender differences are a consequence of the socialization process. I would emphasize that multi-cultural ideology applies equally to all persons regardless of race, culture, gender, age, class, sexual orientation, ethnic origins and individual competence. I would also emphasize that human nature is influenced by both contextual factors and environment and that human development is always under construction as it is a lifetime process allowing for constant change. The counsellor’s objective in pointing out the general view of human nature is to cultivate an open mind in the patient/client. By having an open mind, the client can put aside bitterness and can come to view these social obstructions as matters that she can cope with and overcome. The counsellor’s collective goal is to help the client gain a measure of self-appreciation and self-value. This is accomplished by stressing the view of human nature as the catalyst for women’s difficulties in the socializing process. By taking this approach, the counsellor encourages the client/patient to view counselling as a strategy for coping. The coping strategy emanates from imparting insight into the general view of human nature

Radiation and Thermal Conductivity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Radiation and Thermal Conductivity - Lab Report Example The third experiment involved the verification of Stefan Boltzmann law and the general realization was that there exists a direct proportionality between the intensity of radiation and the ration between emitter temperature and ambient temperature to factor four (?4). The fourth experiment involved an analysis of Aluminum and Stainless Steel. During the analysis the general realization was that the thermal conductivity of Aluminum was that the thermal conductivity of Aluminum. Introduction Radiation can be defined as the situation arising from the interaction involving heat between a system and the surrounding environment. Consequently thermal radiation involves the study of the electromagnetic radiation emitted as a result of the temperature of the emitter with regard to the dual-wave particle nature of electromagnetic radiation (Mahan, 2002). According to Mahan, studies of Heat have led to the realization that heat is an energy that occurs as a result of energy variations between a system and its surroundings. The basis of the experiment was to conduct an analysis on the various characteristics of thermal radiation as a form of heat transfer and the characteristics are applicable in real life situations. The objective of the first experiment was to study the relationship between the view factor designated F and the intensity of the radiation measured in terms of the temperature. The second experiment was aimed at validating the postulation that there exists an inverse proportionality relationship between the source of heat and the surface. The third experiment was aimed at validating the Boltzmann law which is mathematically expressed as: qb = O( Ts4 – Ta4 ) The fourth experiment was aimed at comparing the thermal conductivity of two different metals. Literature Review Apart from conduction and convection heat can be transferred via radiation. The major difference between radiation and the other forms of heat transfer is that radiation can travel in a vaccum because unlike conduction and convection that require molecules, radiation does not require molecules. Radiation occurs via elecgtromagnetic waves. According to Theodore (2011) any system that has a temperature greater than absolute zero is an emitter of thermal radiation. Theodore outlines that the amount of radiation given out by a given system depends on both the temperature and the charatceristics of the surface. In essence, the undertanding of thermal radiation requires an understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation is an occurrence experienced when the atoms of a system become excited from their dormant state so that they acquire enough internal energy to begin emitting the radiation. Am example of a biological phenomenon that depends on radiation is sight. Although we are not able to see the electromagnetic waves our eyes are able to detect the waves and the ability allows us to percieve the images of the objects around us. Although radiati on can be approached from the particulate aspect, scientists have since found it more convenient to approach radiation from the wave aspect. According to Kubota (2007), scientists now approach radiation as involving emission of wavelengths by solid particles. In the study of black body radiation, scientists have also

The business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The business law - Essay Example However, there are certain norms and formalities to be followed with respect to the grant of loan to CPI since as per law, the company and its principle shareholder are distinct entitites. Hence, in the eyes of law, the shareholder Luigi Gelata and the loaner Company, ICCI are two distinct entities. If the event of LG acting on a personal capacity with regard to matters that effect the company, it is necessary that he seek the permission of the Board of Directors and seek their consent in such matters, especially in the case of granting, or receiving loans, or other matters which affect the company as a whole. ICCI should authorize the grant of Shareholder Loan to CPI. Next, the Shareholder Loan Document has to be duly authenticated in a Board Meeting duly convened, minuted and signed by the Board of Directors of the lending Company, ICCI. Further, the Board of Directors should ratify Luigi Gelati's authority to disburse the loan. The terms governing the granting of loan should be clearly specified in the document, including the interest rates (if any), mode, term and value of repayment or amortization scheduling and whether the loan is repayable on demand or is for a specified period. The conditionalities to be imposed in the event of default of the loanee, that is, in the event of inability on the part of CPI to service the interest or principal amount should be clearly specified in the Shareholder Loan Document. It is advisable... judicious to have the loan document witnessed and notarized since this is an accepted practice used by Banks and Registry, should such a need arise for the loaner Company, ICCI, to utilize their services in future. (Shareholder Loan Agreements. 2008). In the second part the main facts that need to be considered are as follows: Issue 1: Whether ICCI could lay priority to claim goods over bank and employees Law: The unpaid seller has the highest priority to lay claim over the goods over other creditors in the event of goods being sold and delivered to the bankrupt debtor. However, the following conditions apply: Debtors must have be unable to pay for the full price of the goods bought. Next, the seller has claimed return of the goods within 30 days of delivery to the buyer, but this has not been done by the buyer. The debtor has been rendered bankrupt or a receiver has been appointed, as is evident in this case. Further, the goods are still in the same state, condition and possession of the buyer and finally, the goods are identifiable as belonging to the debtor. Application: It is seen that in this case the following aspects are applicable, except whether the claim for return had been served to MMRI (unclear) Issue 2: Could the Bank claim a security interest in the goods: Law: Order of priorities on bankruptcy: unpaid seller, PMSI secured creditor, other secured creditor, preferred creditors (including employees for up to 6 months wages (max. $2,000), other unsecured creditors. In this case bank could lay claim of being a secured creditor after the claim of ICCI, and to the extent of balance unpaid amounts, the bank would be treated as an unsecured creditor. Application: Since ICCI are 1st preferential creditors, it ranks over the secured and unsecured

Personal Museum Visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Personal Museum Visit - Essay Example The medium of painting used is – oil on canvas, and depicts a great attention to detail which is evident from the oxen grazing in the field in the background, the fine lines of the subject itself (i.e. the model), the detailing i.e. the attire worn, the pose, the props used (the stick held by the shepherdess) etc. add authenticity to the painting. The word Pastourelle is a French term for Shepherdess. Great attention to detail is given to the subject, and the painting depicts a careful and in-depth study of the subject as is seen from the form and technique used. The tenderness with which the shape and face structure of the model is drawn, highlights the artists attention to line and form. Good use of lighting is done through use of pastel colors used in the background, as well as the color of clothes worn by the model. The use of colors helps in highlighting the main subject of attention, i.e. the shepherdess (in this case) and specially brings to fore the subtle nuances of personality and mood of the subject. The basic intention of the artist was to highlight the daily lives of shepherds during the 18th century. Several artists in those days were known for their beautiful depiction of real life, through art by using oil on canvas. This artist too follows the pattern, and has drawn several other similarly themed close to life characters, by using real models. As mentioned earlier, the artist was skilled in the art of capturing real life scenes and youth, and this portrait of a young shepherdess reinstates the fact. In the painting, the young shepherdess is portrayed with young and strong features, with a hint of inquisitiveness in her eyes, as if the subject is challenging the viewer. She carries a staff in her hand, which is held casually on her shoulders. Her gaze is straight, direct and penetrating and draws attention to the artists skill of painting subjects which look so

UK Mobile Phone Segment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

UK Mobile Phone Segment - Coursework Example This essay discusses that the shifts in the segment have been heavily influence and impacted by the development and popularity of smart phones that have changed the dynamics of the mobile phone segment from a portable communications alternative from landlines, to one that includes a social (text messaging, social networking), bill pay and organisational devices with exceptional on the go email connectivity, multifunctional medium whereby smart phones resemble miniature computers in terms of capabilities. The nuisances of the industry that are noteworthy is that in 2010 mobile phone connections, meaning calls made, increased with smart phones, SMS messaging and tablet SIM cards contributing 80 percent to that growth. The near saturation of the market in terms of mobile phone placements means that price and package bundling competition has heated up as the means to retain, and gain new subscribers. In equating the industry sector a PEST Analysis provides insight regarding the environme nt mobile telecom companies in the UK operate under. It aids in understanding the relevant trends by looking at the Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors. Under a PEST Analysis, a scan of the overall general industry environment from a long-term perspective aids in understanding broad based trends. In ascertaining the overall Political climate with regard to regulations in the United Kingdom as represented by the mobile telecom sector, the arena has been stabile. ... mobile messaging as a result of smart phones and the trending toward a younger subscriber profile represented key factors in the revenue changes and changing face of the UK mobile telecom sector. Figure 4 – Mobile Messaging Volumes (Ofcom, 2011, p. 282) Â   As indicated, the growth in popularity of smart phones was responsible for the above: Â   Figure 5 – UK Smart Phone Sales (Ofcom, 2008, p. 210) Â   The shift from landlines to mobile services took off in 1998 as shown by the following: Â   Figure 6 – UK Telecom Industry Retail Revenue (Ofcom, 2008, p. 198) Â   As a result of heightened competition, mobile telecom service cost to subscribers has converged to the point where the cost is comparable to fixed line costs: Â   Figure 7 – Comparison of Average Fixed and Mobile Voice Call Services (Ofcom, 2011, p. 302) Â   The preceding figures reinforce the point that the industry has become price sensitive, thus explaining the rationale behind the merge r that created Everything Everywhere. Â   Market Structure In equating the industry sector a PEST Analysis provides insight regarding the environment mobile telecom companies in the UK operate under. It aids in understanding the relevant trends by looking at the Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors (marketingteacher.com, 2009). Under a PEST Analysis, a scan of the overall general industry environment from a long-term perspective aids in understanding broad based trends (netMBA, 2009). In ascertaining the overall Political climate with regard to regulations in the United Kingdom as represented by the mobile telecom sector, the arena has been stabile. The actions of consumer groups have raised issues represented by the method of calculating call termination procedures they state are overcharging consumers

International and Non International Armed Conflict Essay

International and Non International Armed Conflict - Essay Example Humanity has witnessed wars since time immemorial and the ancient civilizations were observed as being particularly horrific in their conduct of war. However, the numerous conflicts of the relatively modern era are likely to cause many to question if any restrictions do exist to the behavior of parties involved in a conflict. In the present day and age, the law of war is known as the ‘international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflict’ or ‘humanitarian law’. International law has now evolved and attempted to prescribe rules that govern the resort to force and an attempt is also made to try to regulate the conduct of hostilities (Shaw, 2003, Pp. 1054 – 1055) and (Bouvier, 2006, Chapter 1). The law of war has been shaped by customary rules and conventional or codified rules. A long history of evolution is to be observed in the development of the law of armed conflict. Military leaders or those in political authority used to issue instructions a bout the treatment of civilians or enemy soldiers that tried to restrain excesses and these gradually developed into customary rules of war (Kalshoven, 2001, Pp. 15 – 17) and (Carrillo Salcedo, 2005, Chapter 1). However, the scope and the content of the customary rules of war had generally remained elusive and uncertain. The development of the law of war as treaty law can be traced back to the early 1860s when international conferences at The Hague and Geneva resulted in international treaties related to humanitarian aspects of armed conflicts.

Negative Effects of Technology Essay Example for Free

Negative Effects of Technology Essay The advantages of technology are undeniable, electronic devices make our life much easier as we can save time and money when using them: cars, microwaves, mobile phones†¦ In contrast, there are a lot of disadvantages that we don’t take into account. The recession is not the only cause of unemployment: technology has enabled multinational companies to replace their workers with machines. This business process has created job redundancies and downsizing. In addition, local agencies and music stores have been forced to shut down since items are available online. Technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient but it has also brought along privacy issues. People are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. In order to feel secure at the work place is necessary to be in constant learning mode, as technology keeps on changing every day. There is always a new discovery or development that may be useful to make our job safer. Also, the more technology that we create the more technology that we dispose of. This problem is exponentially growing. Practically everyone has a cell phone which has a life span of about 3 or 4 years, when we replace them they are usually thrown into a big pile and released harmful agents into the environment. Related to cell phones, I have found 3 key points that explain how do they affect on humans health: 1. First of all, studies have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancers of the brain, nerves, or other tissues of the head or neck. More research is needed because cell phone technology and how people use cell phones have been changing rapidly. 2. Nevertheless, you need to know that cell phones emit radiofrequency energy, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues closest to where the phone is held. 3. The amount of radiofrequency energy we are exposed to depends on the technology of the phone, the distance between the phone’s antenna and the user, the extent and type of use, and the userâ €™s distance from cell phone towers. Technology has also affected society in general. Even the fact that we can now communicate at any time anywhere may sound like a good thing, the fact remains that people do not interact personally with one another as often as they used to. This has affected the interaction between people as it has created a barrier in personable, face-to-face communication. As a result, there are certain habits that are losing relevance among people such as going out to play a basketball match or meeting a friend at a coffee shop. This is happening because people don’t feel the need to step outside of their home to find entertainment and fun. Technology is a privilege to have but interaction with other people is crucial, and being responsible for ones actions and not letting technology rule our lives is very important too. I am not saying that all technology is bad or evil, but we do need to be careful that we dont become slaves to our own creations. http://www.articleonlinedirectory.com/128143/the-negative-effects-of-advancing-technology-on-society.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-impact-of-technology.html http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/negative-effects-of-modern-day-technology-1106666.html Bibliography:  · Anon, 2009. Negative effects of modern day technology. Available at: http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/negative-effects-of-modern-day-technology-1106666.html [Accessed December 13, 2012].  · Aydan Corkern, 2009. The Negative Effects Of Advancing Technology On Society. Available at: http://www.articleonlinedirectory.com/128143/the-negative-effects-of-advancing-technology-on-society.html [Accessed December 14, 2012].  · Veethi Telang, 2011. Negative Impact of technology. Available at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-impact-of-technology.html [Accessed December 14, 2012].

Party System in the US Analysis

Party System in the US Analysis NATURE OF THE PARTY SYSTEM This paper examines the nature of the party system in United States. This paper further identifies the reasons for the weaknesses of the American parties. The nature of the American party system is the two-party system. This is a party system whereby there are two dominant political parties that dominate the politics of a given state. Under the two party systems, one of the parties would hold a majority seat in the legislature. This party is referred to as the majority party (Wilkins Stark, 2011). On the other hand, the party that has fewer members in the legislature is normally referred to as the minority party. This concept of the two party systems has different meaning, depending on the type of the political system that a state has. For instance, under the presidential system of governance, it describes a situation whereby all elected officials belong to either one of the two dominant parties within the state. Third or more parties exist, but they rarely win an election (Hug, 2001). Because of these types of arrangements, a two party system normally leads to election rules such as a winner take all concepts. In a two party system, the chances of a candidate to win an elective post, for a major position are always difficult. However, these smaller parties have the capability of influencing the dominant parties that exists within the state. In contrast to a parliamentary system such as that of the United Kingdom, the two party system is an arrangement whereby two parties dominate an election, but there are the existence of other parties that win an election in their legislatures (Herrnson Green, 2002). The American politics is dominated by the Republicans, and the Democrats. Despite the dominance of these two parties, there is a third party referred to as the Tea Party. It is important to explain that the tea party does not dominate the American political system, and this is because its candidates have never won any American major political seat, such as the Presidency, or even a Governors position (Janiskee Masugi, 2007). The dominance of the Republicans and the Democrats in the American political system has existed for more than 100 years, where the Presidents are either elected from the Republican party, or from the Democrat Party. Currently, the American President is Barrack Obama, and he emanates from the Democrat Party. His predecessor was George Bush, who was elected from the Republican Party (Strangio Dyrenfurth, 2009). In as much as the Tea Party is not dominant, this party has the capability of influencing government policies, and the activities of the other two leading parties. On a specific note, the Tea Party has a considerable influence on the Republican Party. For instance, in 2013, the members of the Tea Party were able to collaborate with the Republicans for purposes of shutting down the government of President Obama. This is in their bid to oppose the health care policies that were being advocated by President Obama. Based on these facts therefore, we can denote that the nature of the American party system is the two party systems. The domination of the Republican Party and the Democrat Party, and the influence of a smaller party, the Tea Party, satisfies the definition of a two party system in a presidential system. A two party system has a number of advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of the American two party systems is the fact that they provide information that is easily understandable to the American voters. Through these actions, the two parties are able to create order in the political system, and this is through a representation of a wide political ideologies or philosophy of the party. For instance, in the 2012 elections, campaigns between Republican nominee, Mitt Romney, and the Democrat nominee, President Obama, the two candidates were able to present the ideologies and philosophies of their parties. The second advantage of the American party system, is that it gives a stable balance through the accommodation of various interests and opinions. The Republicans and the Democrats have different organs and interests groups within them, and therefore, these parties normally accommodate then interests of these groups. This is for purposes of receiving a wide support from them. Finally, the two party systems enable citizens of America to participate in the political process of the nation (Disch, 2002). This enables its citizens to take part in the process of governance, through the political system. This is unlike in China, where it is only the communist party that can take part in the governance process, and people cannot express their own opinion, rather than that of the party (Paulson, 2006). In a critique of the American two party systems, Baumgartner Jones (2009) explains that it plays a role in downplaying the emergence of alternative views, and it create the political competition to be less competitive. Furthermore, the American two party system manages to create a sense of voter apathy, and this is mainly because only two views are presented at the ballot box (Lye Hofmeister, 2011). This creates a perception that choices are limited, and hence it does not contribute to an extensive political debate within the country. Furthermore, the concepts of the winner takes it all, normally discourages other independent candidates from engaging in the political process. This is because if they lose elections, there is no way they would benefit. Bibby Maisel (2003) explains that because of the disadvantages of the two party system, there has been a weakening of the American political parties in the recent times. This is because power and money shifts from political organizations, to informal interest groups, and ad hoc committees. Furthermore, the emergence of grass root movements, and the decentralization of the structures of the party plays an influential role in the weakening of the parties (Lasser, 2012). Furthermore, the large amounts of money that are collected by candidates normally do not pass through the official structures of the party. This means that candidates are independent of the influences of the party, and this is because they are able to control their own campaign funds, instead of depending on the party for finances (Mckay, 2013). Furthermore, the American political system is populist, and this is because candidates are more concerned with their reputation with voters, as opposed to their reputation with the leadership of the party. Based on these facts, senators and congressmen normally vote against the interest of their parties, on most occasions. This is because most politicians normally seek to respond to the strong emotional feelings, of the public, in regard to particular or certain issues. Furthermore, American voters do not vote in blocks, and this means that they are likely to belong to the two dominant parties in the United States (Sartori Mair, 2005). Therefore, these voters are not easily influenced by powerful and influential political figures. However, candidates who have a strong grassroots support, and who have the capability of buying advertisement time, can play a significant role in influencing voters. Furthermore, money also plays a role in the weakening of the American political system. This is because candidates who have a lot of money can gain instant reputation, and make a name for them. Furthermore, a movement that has the capability of energizing the public, would manage to endorse its own for a political office. An example is the 2008 primaries between Barrack Obama and Hillary Clinton, where Obama triumphed over the party establishment that were supporting Hillary Clinton (Valelly, 2013). Another example is the tea party victories in the senatorial primaries held by the Republican. This is an indication of the weakening of the Republican Party. Furthermore, the lack of a strong party structure is a factor that strongly contributes to the weakening of the American political parties (Welch, 2010). This is because parties have to look for donors to finance their campaigns, and this includes lobby groups, who can have a role in influencing the candidates to develop a policy that is advantageous to them. In conclusion, the nature of the American party system is the two party system. The political system is dominated by the Republicans and the Democrats. However, the current century has seen the weakening of the American parties. This is mainly because of the populist nature of the American political system, and a weak party structure that requires candidates to raise their own campaign money. This makes these candidates to be vulnerable to their donors, and mostly because they would be advocating for their interests. Furthermore, because of the populist nature of the American political system, candidates are not loyal to the party, but to the voters. This means that on most occasions, candidates would vote against the interests of their parties. This is because they want to gain a positive image that is attractive to their voters. The dominance of the Republicans and the Democrats parties has existed for more than 100 years, and this means that Presidents normally come from any of th e two parties identified. Bibliography: Top of Form BAUMGARTNER, F. R., JONES, B. D. (2009). Agendas and instability in American politics. Bottom of Form Top of Form BIBBY, J. F., MAISEL, L. S. (2003). Two parties-or more?: the American party system. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press. Top of Form DISCH, L. J. (2002). The tyranny of the two-party system. New York, Columbia University Press. Top of Form JANISKEE, B. P., MASUGI, K. (2007). Democracy in California: politics and government in the Golden State. Lanham, Md, Rowman Littlefield. Bottom of Form Top of Form HERRNSON, P. S., GREEN, J. C. (2002). Multiparty politics in America: prospects and performance. Lanham, MD, Rowman Littlefield. Top of Form HUG, S. (2001). Altering party systems: strategic behavior and the emergence of new political parties in Western democracies. Ann Arbor, Univ. of Michigan Press. Top of Form LASSER, W. (2012). Perspectives on American politics. Boston, Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Bottom of Form Top of Form LYE, L. F., HOFMEISTER, W. (2011). Political parties, party systems, and democratization in East Asia. Singapore, World Scientific. Top of Form MCKAY, D. H. (2013). American politics and society. American Politics and Society. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form PAULSON, A. C. (2006). Electoral realignment and the outlook for American democracy. Hanover [u.a.], Univ. Press of New England. Top of Form SARTORI, G., MAIR, P. (2005). Parties and party systems: a framework for analysis. Colchester, ECPR. Bottom of Form Top of Form STRANGIO, P., DYRENFURTH, N. (2009). Confusion the making of the Australian two- party system. Carlton, Vic, Melbourne University Publishing. Top of Form VALELLY, R. M. (2013). American politics: a very short introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form WELCH, S. (2010). Understanding American government. Boston, MA, Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Top of Form WILKINS, D. E., STARK, H. K. (2011). American Indian politics and the American political system. Lanham, Md, Rowman Littlefield. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form

Modern Art Essay -- Comparative, Mondrian, Pollock

Piet Mondrian and Jackson Pollock are both regarded as being major influences within the movement of modern art. During the peak of their careers their artwork took on very different styles. Mondrian was born in 1872, he was a Dutch artist, is famously known for his precise, systematic style of painting. He is renowned for the grid-based paintings that he produced in the early 1920’s during his time in Paris (wilder, 2007 p.318). Jackson Pollocks work was erratic and spontaneous, this is particularly noticeable in the late 1940’s when he produced an array of works using a drip painting technique (ref). Despite the works of Mondrian and Pollock being at opposite ends of the scale when it came to style and imagery, is it possible their influences and views were in fact quite similar? Along with their style of painting, the personalities of the two men were to match. Piet Mondrian enjoyed a modest lifestyle and didn’t experience a huge amount of fame until the late 1950’s after his death, and his work was mainly supported by the occasional magazine article and art exhibition (Blotcamp, 2001 p.9). In comparison Pollock was considered the James Dean of the artistic world, he was notorious for having a wild, rebellious nature, often drinking to suppress his emotions or insecurities (Landau, 2005 p.18). Unlike Mondrian he attracted a lot of attention within his lifetime, and enjoyed the fame and appreciation his work was bringing. His partner Lee Krasner, Whom he married in 1946, was a determined, levelheaded young artist, and was believed to be a strong influence towards the recognition of his work (Karmel and Varnedoe, 1999 p.25). It could be perhaps said have the support of a strong woman is incredibly influential to an artist, espec... ...(ref), trainers and cars to name a few. Like wise Pollock’s work has been used in the design of fashion, and many people have attempted to recreate his work, because the style of it was so unusual, Pollock was aware the technique of dripping paint wasn’t a completely new idea (ref) but he was the person who made it commercially famous within the and art world, hence his fame and notoriety. Despite their mistakes and fails they strived to express themselves. Pollock openly said he doesn’t make accidents, he denies the accident, and Mondrian felt his failures were valuable to his success, he never made mistakes; everything was a contribution to his work (Riley, 1997 P.9). Despite their ups and downs the two iconic pieces created by Mondrian and Pollock, Composition in red black and blue and number 8 represents the style they are renowned for and their personalities. Modern Art Essay -- Comparative, Mondrian, Pollock Piet Mondrian and Jackson Pollock are both regarded as being major influences within the movement of modern art. During the peak of their careers their artwork took on very different styles. Mondrian was born in 1872, he was a Dutch artist, is famously known for his precise, systematic style of painting. He is renowned for the grid-based paintings that he produced in the early 1920’s during his time in Paris (wilder, 2007 p.318). Jackson Pollocks work was erratic and spontaneous, this is particularly noticeable in the late 1940’s when he produced an array of works using a drip painting technique (ref). Despite the works of Mondrian and Pollock being at opposite ends of the scale when it came to style and imagery, is it possible their influences and views were in fact quite similar? Along with their style of painting, the personalities of the two men were to match. Piet Mondrian enjoyed a modest lifestyle and didn’t experience a huge amount of fame until the late 1950’s after his death, and his work was mainly supported by the occasional magazine article and art exhibition (Blotcamp, 2001 p.9). In comparison Pollock was considered the James Dean of the artistic world, he was notorious for having a wild, rebellious nature, often drinking to suppress his emotions or insecurities (Landau, 2005 p.18). Unlike Mondrian he attracted a lot of attention within his lifetime, and enjoyed the fame and appreciation his work was bringing. His partner Lee Krasner, Whom he married in 1946, was a determined, levelheaded young artist, and was believed to be a strong influence towards the recognition of his work (Karmel and Varnedoe, 1999 p.25). It could be perhaps said have the support of a strong woman is incredibly influential to an artist, espec... ...(ref), trainers and cars to name a few. Like wise Pollock’s work has been used in the design of fashion, and many people have attempted to recreate his work, because the style of it was so unusual, Pollock was aware the technique of dripping paint wasn’t a completely new idea (ref) but he was the person who made it commercially famous within the and art world, hence his fame and notoriety. Despite their mistakes and fails they strived to express themselves. Pollock openly said he doesn’t make accidents, he denies the accident, and Mondrian felt his failures were valuable to his success, he never made mistakes; everything was a contribution to his work (Riley, 1997 P.9). Despite their ups and downs the two iconic pieces created by Mondrian and Pollock, Composition in red black and blue and number 8 represents the style they are renowned for and their personalities.

The Nursing Career :: Co-op Placement Nursing Career Work

The Nursing Career   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was in a hospital for my co-op placement, I chose this because I was considering nursing as my chosen career path. For this reason, I have researched the nursing career. I have spent many hours in this setting and feel that I have a pretty good understanding as to what goes on day to day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before choosing to become a nurse, one must first examine themselves and look to see if they have the right qualities for this demanding job. Some qualities are such; caring, compassion, a strong desire and willingness to help those in need, patience, honesty and above all, good health. You need strength for such duties as lifting patients to and from bathroom facilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to become a licensed nurse, one could take a three year course at a college, or a four year program at a university. Even though the starting salary and job requirements are the same whether a graduate from college or a university, with a degree one is able to further their placement and a possible pay increase is more likely. There has, and continues to be, a very high demand for nurses all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After talking with an actual nurse I was able to see more closely the actual duties of this job. The work hours are 40 hour weeks. There are many shift hours there as well. Working in a hospital requires 24 hour responsibilities, so many of the nurses may have to rotate to afternoon, midnight or weekend shifts. Duties of the job are varied, depending on the area of the hospital you work in. In outpatient area, the nurse assists with obtaining pre-operative information, takes vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, temperature) and obtains patient?s medical history. The nurse then has to prepare the equipment for procedures to be done, and may have to assist the doctor with the procedure. Afterwards,the nurse assesses the patient taking blood pressure, pulse, etc. until the patient is stable enough to be discharged home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the floor the nurse has various duties. She takes reports from the previous shifts, assesses patients, gives medication, performs procedures give treatments and sees the patients with the doctors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All hospitals in Windsor are unionized. The nurses hired are given a 90 day trial period and after that time the nurse is approaching to join the union. Salaries are paid hourly, starting at around 20 dollars an hour and ranging to 26 per hour.

Identity Theft :: Journalistic Essays

Identity Theft Everyone loves shopping online, you save time, not exactly money, but who cares when its holiday time, at least you won’t need to fight for a parking spot in the hectic malls. Growing up in America’s technological day and age, almost everyone has a computer or at least knows how to operate one. People like the easy way out, and it has its benefits. Year by year, things seem to get easier and easier. Therefore, people are getting lazier. Well, I say, goodbye â€Å"laziness†, and hello â€Å"being aware of where you place those important documents†. There’s very little you can do to prevent it, and you won’t know it’s happened to you until it’s too late. Identity theft is currently the fastest growing type of robbery in the United States. When a person steals someone’s identification documents without them knowing, and uses their information, the crime is called â€Å"Identity Theft†. â€Å"About one in five victims knows the identity thief as a relative, roommate, neighbor, or coworker, according to the FTC ID Theft Data Clearinghouse report, says reporter Isham Jones for Realtor Magazine Online. There are two main types of identity fraud that enables people to steal your identity. They are financial fraud, being the most widespread including credit card, bank, telecommunications, tax refund, and several other types of scams. Criminal activity is the other type fraud that involves taking someone’s identity and using it to commit heinous crimes. â€Å"Identity theft accounted for 42 percent of the thousands of consumer complaints reported to the FTC in 2001. The FTC processes these complaints through Consumer Sentinel, an electronic clearinghouse available to investigative groups such as the FBI and the U.S. Secret Service as well as to similar groups in other countries†, reports Waterline reporter Carole W. Butler. There are many laws that lash out against identity theft and help protect you against it, but it doesn’t seem like its scaring any of the criminals. ID theft is still the number one crime in America!!! Identity theft can happen to anyone, and to avoid being put in a situation like this one you have to review your Credit report at least once a year. Purchase a shredder to shred all documents with personal information before throwing them away. Be responsible over every bank statement, and keep them under close watch. Don’t send mail using your unsecured mailbox. Have your social security number changed if it is the same as your driver’s license number.

Edwardian family Essay

The furniture alone really shows the wealth and opulence of this upper class Edwardian family. The furniture and clothes also develops trust between the audience and characters as it gives off a cosy home feel.  It is obvious from when you first read act one that JB Priestley has made a deliberate effort to change the tone from how it was at the beginning (relaxed) to how it ended (tense). When we read the play for the first time, we get the impression that for people as superior as the Birlings to take any notice of somebody in a lower social class than them, somebody such as Eva Smith actually has to die. This shows huge injustice and makes us feel very sympathetic for Eva Smith. The main way he achieved this is by the use of the plot. This is because they are having a nice relaxed dinner party, and then an Inspector who they have never meet before knocks on their door, and begins to interrogate them about a suicide. This puzzles them as the police officer openly says that it was definitely a suicide, therefore what crime could they have committed.  Although this is the main reason for the drastic change in tone, Priestley does many other things to show this change. One aspect of his writing which does this is the way in which he wrote the inspectors lines. The inspector’s lines are all written so that it sounds extremely aggressive from the Birling’s point of view. One example of this, is when Shelia is being extremely honest, and is telling the Inspector how she got Eva Smith sacked. Shelia really shows how guilty she feels, how deeply sorry she is and how she would behave differently a second time. However the Inspector very bluntly says â€Å"Yes but you can’t. It’s too late. She’s dead. This is an extremely upfront and abrupt way of saying it. So he changes the mood from relaxed/happy to almost awkward and upsetting.  Due to this aggressiveness which the Inspector shows from the moment he walks in the door, Mr Birling almost tries to fight back which results in both of them almost competing in a childish game, where they keep trying to get one up on each other. E.g. (who’s the bigger man) This is shown by Mr Birling consistently mentioning that he has friends in high places. He does this in a very subtle and sly manor. At this point both of them know the involvement Mr Birling had with Eva Smith. Mr Birling remembered Eva Smith because he fired from his company her due to a campaign she led for higher pay. Therefore he last meet Eva Smith under unpleasant circumstances. This secret that both the inspector and Mr Birling had was probably what sparked off this aggressiveness. The first time we see this happening is when Mr Birling says â€Å"Perhaps I ought to warn you that he’s an old friend of mine, and that I see him fairly frequently. We play golf together at the West Bromley†. The â€Å"old friend† being the inspector’s chief constable. In a way Mr Birling is trying to tell the Inspector to tread carefully, by letting him know he has friends in high places.  This aggressiveness certainly demonstrates how Priestley changes the tone so drastically and so effectively. It also keeps the audience gripped making it very exciting.  All of the characters in this play have very strong personalities one way or another, and all of them represent some kind of portrayal above everybody else in the play. Shelia, for example, shows that she feels more remorse than anyone else by far and seems truly hurt and guilty by the whole thing. For example when the inspector asked Shelia â€Å"And was it the girls fault?†Ã‚  Shelia replies â€Å"No, not really. It was my own stupid fault†.  She has shown her honesty by owning up to it unlike her self obsessed father who would argue everything until he was proved completely wrong. She also displayed remorse by ridiculing herself, saying â€Å"It was my own stupid fault†.  Again she shows that she is sorry when she says â€Å"Oh-why had this to happen†. Rather than saying something like Mr Birling would say e.g.: â€Å"Well it was her own fault in the first place†. Shelia plays the kind understanding character to the play, who comes across as more innocent than anybody else. She brings reason to the equation and we probably feel the more sympathy for her than anyone else. This is because when she tells her story, Priestley writes it as if it was from the bottom of her heart/sincerely. Another reason we feel this sympathy for her is because we feel she has been conned out the most, when we find out that the inspector is a fake. This is because she seems to have poured her heart out more then everybody else and after she finds out that the inspector is a con she still defends the morals the Inspector was saying even though the entire Eva Smith scenario, was completely false based on the knowledge they had at the time. This happens in the 3rd act when Shelia says to Mr Birling â€Å"It doesn’t matter now of course, but was he really a police inspector?† Mr Birling then replies â€Å"Well if he wasn’t, it matters a devils lot. Makes all the difference.†Ã‚  Shelia then snappily responds â€Å"No it doesn’t†.  She says this meaning that just because the Inspector is gone nothing is changed because what he was saying was correct even if it was fictional. However Mr Birling cannot understand that the message has not changed, now they know the story was fiction and just says â€Å"Don’t be so childish, Shelia†.  This is another event in the play which supports Shelia’s kind, understanding and more mature than her father’s personality. She represents a possibility of social change and seems to have some basic morality.

Is It Better to Fit in or to Be Different

In life, there are many ways when it is better to be different and there are many ways when it is better to fit in. There are times when it is good to be both. There are many times when they could be used well. Some times, it is better to be unusual. In academics, it is better to be diverse when somebody wants to be complimented and considered smart by using a new way to do a problem. In business, it is better for him to seem creative by not thinking like the others. In addition, when a person wants somebody to notice him he has to be different. For popularity, it is better to be unique because a person may become popular for being different and not have to follow the crowd in ways that he may not like. In some ways, it is better to fit in. In school, to fit in is to make good grades so they are not different in brains, which is better than to be different and not make good grades. In business, there is also a time where people would not be fired because they are doing as the boss tells them to and not trying to do something different that displeases the boss. In reputation, it is better to fit in because if somebody is different people may isolate that person. It is better to be both; in corporations, it is when a person thinks outside the box while doing what the boss is asking. In education, it is when a person is smart, but still being smart if others are doing badly. In popularity, it is when a person fits in with the crowd while making his opinion. There are many ways in which to be different and in which to fit in. There are also times when it is okay to fit in but not okay to be different. There are times when it is okay to be either one. That is why nobody should stick to doing just one thing all the time.

Patterns in Strategy Formation Essay

A critical summary of the article â€Å"Patterns in strategy formation† written by Henry Mintzberg, published in Journal Management Science Vol. 24, No. 9, (1978) A short overview The paper,†Patterns in strategy formation†, outlines a new kind of description to the much misunderstood process of strategy formation in organizations. After giving a short summary of the theme, the author, Henry Mintzberg, describes the term â€Å"strategy† and shows how the definition leads to the choice of a research methodology. Following this, he details the four steps of research methodology. With to completed, major studies about two organizations (Volkswagenwerk and the United States government in Vietnam) Mintzberg analyzes three central themes. The first is that strategy formation can be viewed as the interplay between a dynamic environment and bureaucratic momentum, with leadership mediating between the two. Second, that strategy formation over periods of time appears to follow distinct regularities, for example life cycles or change-continuity cycles within life cycle. And third the study of the interplay between intended and realized strategies may be central to the strategy formation process. Definition of strategy and the research methodology In the first section of the paper, Mintzberg describes the term †strategy†. Strategy is generally defined, whether in game, military or management theory, as a deliberate, conscious set of guidelines that determines decisions into the future. In common terminology, a strategy is a plan. Mintzberg illustrates that defining strategy as a plan is not sufficient, because if strategies can be intended, surely they can also be realized. A definition that encompasses the resulting behavior is therefore required. The author proposes to define strategy in general as a pattern in a stream of decisions. To clarify this definition of strategy, he introduces a few illustrations. For example, when Picasso painted blue for a time, that was a strategy †Blue Strategy†. This definition of strategy necessitated the analysis of decision streams in a organizations over time periods to detect the development and breakdown of patterns. Therefore Mintzberg subdivided the analysis of the studies into four central steps. 1st step: Collection of basic data. 2nd step: Inference of strategies and periods of change. 3rd step: Intensive analysis of periods of change. 4th step: Theoretical analysis. After giving a brief review of the periods of strategy in two organizations, using the terminology of the research, the author comes to the core of the paper, which is the presentation of some theoretical conclusions about strategy formation. Strategy formation as the interplay of environment, leadership and bureaucracy Mintzberg outlines strategy formation in most organizations as the interplay of three basic forces revolving around the dynamic environment that changes continuously but irregularly, organizational management or bureaucracy that attempts to stabilize the actions of the organizations whilst operating in the dynamic environment, and leadership of the organizations whose role is to mediate between the two forces. From this point of departure, the author provides a definition of strategy and of strategic change. †Strategy can then be viewed as the set of consistent behaviors by which the organization establishes for a time its place in its environment, and strategic change can be viewed as the organization’s response to environmental change, constrained by the momentum of the bureaucracy and accelerated or dampened by the leadership†. Mintzberg illustrates, that the two organizations (Volkswagenwerk and U.S. government in Vietnam) are stories of how bureaucratic momentum constrains and leadership dampens strategic change. In 1965, for example, when the United States government escalated the Vietnam war in a way that made the escalation inevitable, the new leadership, named Johnson, dampened the strategic change, under the environmental and bureaucratic pressures. Also in 1960, when action was needed in the face of an increasingly changed environment, the central leadership of Volkswagenwerk was not forthcoming. Patterns of strategic change According to Mintzberg, patterns of strategic change are never steady, but rather irregular and ad hoc, with a complex intermingling or periods of change, continuity. Even so, he recognizes some patterns in strategy formation that may enable organizations to understand better their strategic situations. The first pattern is the life cycle of an overall strategy, based on four phases: conception, elaboration, decay and death. The author illustrates that the case of Vietnam represents the classic strategic life cycle. The second pattern is the presence of periodic waves of change and continuity within the life cycle. This second pattern suggests that strategies do not commonly change incrementally. Rather, change takes place in spurts, each followed by a period of stability. Mintzberg notes, that nowhere is the change-continuity cycle better demonstrated than in the stepwise escalation of the Vietnam metastrategy. According to the author, the reason for the periods of change and continuity is that human do not react to phenomena continuously, but rather in discreet steps, when changes are large enough to be perceived. In a similar manner, strategic decision processes in organizations are not continuous, but irregular. Based on both studies, Mintzberg notes, that there are dangers in incremental changes. He argues that strategy-makers seem prepared to assume positions in incremental steps that they would never begin to entertain in global ones. On the other hand, global change is very difficult to conceive and execute successfully. According to the author, this is perhaps the strategy-maker’s greatest dilemma. The danger of incremental changes versus the difficulty of global changes. Interplay between intended and realized strategies The author identifies two kinds of strategies: intended and realized. He illustrates, that these two can be combined in three ways: Intended strategies that get realized, which are called deliberate strategies (e.g. the Volkswagen strategy of 1948 to 1958). Intended strategies that do not get realized, which are called unrealized strategies (e.g. Kennedy’s intended strategy of 1961 of advising the Vietnamese). Realized strategies that were never intended, which are called emergent strategies (e.g. the U.S. strategy of finding itself in a fighting instead of advising role). Furthermore, Mintzberg argues that it is possible to find a number of other relationships between intended and realized strategies, such as intended strategies that, as they get realized, change their form and become emergent; emergent strategies that get formalized as deliberate ones; or intended strategies that get overrealized. This view challenges the tenets of planning theory, which postulates that the strategy-maker formulates from on high while the subordinates implement lower down. Mintzberg argues that this dichotomy between strategy formulation and strategy implementation is a false one under certain conditions – e.g. the formulator isn’t fully informed or the environment isn’t sufficiently stable -, because it ignores the learning that must often follow the conception of an intended strategy. According to Mintzberg, another important point is that the formalization of an emergent strategy as the new, intended strategy is hardly incidental to the organization. The author states that the very act of explicating an implicit strategy changes fundamental the attitude of the bureaucracy and of the environment. He further argues that the very fact of making a strategy explicit provides a clear and formal invitation to the bureaucracy to run with it. But the author also notes that sometimes it can be risky to make strategy explicit, notably in an uncertain environment with an aggressive bureaucracy. He makes the point that the strategy-maker may awake one day to find that his intended strategy has somehow been implemented beyond his wildest intentions. It has been overrealized. Conclusion and critique on the paper In my estimation, the paper †Patterns in strategy formation† is very well-written. The author, Mintzberg, first describes what the paper will be all about. After that, he introduces the theme, strategy as a pattern in a stream of decisions, and shows how this definition leads naturally to the choice of a research methodology. After that, he explains the four steps of the analysis he will use to reviews the major periods of two organizations (Volkswagenwerk and U.S. government in Vietnam). By using these major studies he arouses the reader’s interest and creates a fundamental basis to examine and prove aspects, that strategy formation can be viewed as the interplay of environment, bureaucracy and leadership, that that strategy formation appears to follow distinct regularities and that the study of the interplay between intended and realized strategies may be central to the strategy formation process. Furthermore, he admits that this studies constitute a limited data base, but they do call into question a number of assumptions about the process of strategy formation in organizations, e.g. that a strategy is not a fixed plan, that dichotomy between strategy formulation and strategy implementation is a false one under certain common conditions or that it can sometimes be risky to make strategy explicit. Some general conclusions suggested by these studies are complex and very difficult to understand but, nevertheless, the well-disposed reader understands the approach. This is mainly because, he explains his statements on this two studies closely. To sum up, the paper is well-structured and of a good concept. Furthermore, the paper ties in with very important and interesting research-fields in strategy management.

The Importance Of Personal Development Education Essay

With out a program cipher can make their finish. As Bob ( 2010 ) , described that â€Å" Personal development refers to activities that improve self-knowledge and individuality, develop endowments and possible, build human capital and employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the realisation of dreams and aspirations. The construct is non limited to self-development but includes formal and informal activities for developing others, in functions such as instructor, usher, counselor, director, manager, or wise man. Finally, as personal development takes topographic point in the context of establishments, it refers to the methods, plans, tools, techniques, and assessment systems that support human development at the single degree in organisations † Personal development planning is a supported procedure which helps to concentrate on single public presentation and helps to accomplish and develop their bearer. The chief aim of personal development program is to better the capacity of single. Harmonizing to careereducationweb.com personal development is repeatedly seting a individual in a place where we need to be alteration or developed or motivated to make our finish. It takes control of a individual to turn and coercing to go dead. Personal development and growing are critical to success. Most of the people fail to accomplish their end because of deficiency attempt, clip invariables or an incapableness of concentrating on the ends. Harmonizing to heacademy.ac.uk web site PDP is defined as â€Å" a structured and supported procedure undertaken by an single to reflect upon their ain acquisition, public presentation and/or accomplishment and to be after for their personal, educational and calling development. PDP embraces a scope of attack to larning that articulation planning ( an person ‘s ends and purposes for larning or accomplishment ) , making ( alining actions to purpose ) , transcript ( judgement, facts, experience, in order to acknowledge and grounds the process and consequences of larning ) and look reviewing and measure experiences and the consequences of larning. † Personal development program is a procedure which gives a character a clear position of life. And every witting professional should hold a personal development program to accomplish their nonsubjective and make their finish.Importance of Personal Development:Every organic structure got its ain endowment indoors. Every person has its ain thought and endowment. But most of us can non research it because of lacking of personal development. Without growing life is like dull being. Due to lie state of affairss many people can non develop personally. Growth is indispensable portion of life of a individual. Personal development helps to larn which we are capable to larn. Personal development is really of import. It helps to happen out chance to make a better life mentally, physically and spiritually. Personal development is really of import. It helps to happen out chance to make a better life mentally, physically and spiritually. There are few grounds why personal development is of import. First ground is personal development helps you to concentrate on of import things of your life. There are many things in u your life which can deviate you from of import things. For an illustration it could be short – term pleasance. Short term pleasance may do us experience good for short clip but it will be do the long term suffer for hereafter. Merely personal development can direct you on the right way. Second ground is personal development develops our capacity. Personal development non merely concentrate on of import things of our life but besides helps to manage a critical state of affairs. We are capable to confront some specific challenge but personal development increase our bound to manage more hard challenge. Third ground is personal development helps us to link with positive people. When we will affect us in personal development so we will establish many positive people around us. Having this positive people around us, we will be more motivated to travel frontward. Personal development means difficult work. it takes consistency, forbearance and clip. Harmonizing to scotthyoung.com web site if we want our personal development we need to concentrate on deriving bravery which thing we fare of, decilpline, more learning, hope and power. Personal development is an investing for our life. Personal development helps to better our cognition. Personal development is an attitude which helps to better our life. If you want development in our personal life we need to concentrate on Understand yourself Better your consciousness, Work on your attitude, Believe in yourself, potencies Develop your accomplishments, Set your ends, Begin with the terminal in head. It is really of import to under stand my self fist because we need to cognize where is our failing and heterosexual and believe on yourself and be confident. And so put our ends it is really of import to put our end it is impossible with out a end to accomplish something. And last one is set up head. It means we must hold to be confident and promise that I will make it by any opportunity. Allen and Adair ( 1999 ) province that â€Å" There is no ‘end ‘ to the self-development procedure. † The besides show that why this is of import for professional life and where to concentrate on. Personal development helps to better our public presentation, develop appropriate accomplishments and competencies and gain full potency. Every organic structure want a place to work but most of them do n't hold proper set of ends. Merely for this ground most of us can non make our coveted finish. Merely personal development plan can assist us to cognize where to travel how to better our ego and assist us to make our finish. From the above discursion it is clear that personal development is really of import for our life. It gives witting attempt to turn up. Every organic structure grew up with their ain single endowment and accomplishments. Personal development helps us to happen out these accomplishments. Like that I have some accomplishments in my professional life. Team worker: I believe that I am really good squad participant because when I work I like to affect every one into work, expression after single demands and seeks to derive committedness by engagement. I am really good hearer and willing to impart my manus if needed. For my difficult work and as a good squad participant I became associate of the month from my working topographic point. Co- ordinator: I am confident at my work topographic point. I am able to work at busy clip and able to take the challenge. I am ever committed to my organisational end and aim. For those activities I became crew trainer at my working topographic point. A Good Presenter: Presentation accomplishments is really of import for professional life. I conducted a professional accomplishment class and learned how to make it decently. On the first twenty-four hours of my presentation test I run off from speech desk but after that I took that challenge and I got 2nd tallness Markss on my concluding test. I discussed about my three accomplishments which I poses. But I believe that I need more pattern on it. And I need to travel further for more accomplishments which will assist me in hereafter for my professional life.1.2 Importance of Professional Skills:Harmonizing to answer.com web site accomplishments defined as â€Å" Proficiency, sleight that is acquired or developed through preparation or experience. † Professional accomplishment is really of import for personal bearer. We must concentrate on it. Professional accomplishments is a sort of accomplishment that we learned from a company and applied on professional life. The accomplishment and importance are described below: Communication Skills: Communication accomplishments are really of import for professional life. It is really of import to hold a good communicating accomplishment. With out a proper communicating it is impossible to pass on with other and achieve the aim. Performance Management: Performance direction should be see really strongly. It is about to happen out recognized staff and honor them, behavior coaching Sessionss with staff etc. Customer Service: As a director it is really of import to concentrate on client service. It is all about to betterment of client service. Organizational accomplishment: To accomplish an organisational end we must hold to hold organisational accomplishment. Which includes effectual at deputing work, clip direction system etc. Professional development: Professional development is really of import for professional life. It is of import to cognize section functions programs and ordinance of working topographic point. Legal Issue: Legal issue base on understanding the all employment Torahs. Effective legal employment interview etc. Leadership: Make determinations easy and efficaciously monitoring assignments without micromanaging. Team work: Positive ambiance which helps to team work together. Creat chance for other. Problem resolution: With out job work outing attitude it is impossible to run a company. It most of import for professional accomplishment. From the above discursion, it is clear that it is really of import all professional individual. To do a successful bearer those accomplishments are really of import. From the Belbin squad roles – â€Å" Self Perception Inventory † utilizing this tools we can acquire into deepness of importance of professional accomplishments. Plant, resource research worker, coordinates, proctor judge, squad worker, implementer, complete finisher those are the cardinal factor of professional accomplishments. I completed Belbin Team Roles appraisal and found my ego as a squad worker. Which indicate that like to affect with everyone, I like to expressions after single and perceptive and diplomatic. And happen my failing as I could be influenced and indecisive in crunch state of affairss. I attach the tabular array below.Belbin Team Roles Inventory:Key Team Role Team contribution/personal manner Allowable failing PL 26 Plant Generates thoughts. Creative, inventive, irregular, solves hard jobs Ignores inside informations, excessively preoccupied to pass on efficaciously Rhode island 27 Resource research worker Maintains consciousness of resources available outside the squad. Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative, explores chances, develops contacts Overoptimistic, loses involvement one time the initial enthusiasm has passed Carbon monoxide 48 Co-ordinator Ensures internal resources are applied to the squad aim. Mature, confident, a good president, clarifies ends, promotes determination devising, delegates good. Can be seen as manipulative, delegates personal work. SH 43 Maker Shapes the manner the squad operates. Challenging, dynamic, thrives on force per unit area, has the thrust and bravery to get the better of obstructions Can arouse others, hurts peoples feelings Maine 38 Monitor judge Buttockss squad advancement against the aims and mileposts. Sober, strategic and discerning, sees all options, Judgess accurately. Lacks drive and ability to animate others, excessively critical TW 51 Team worker Involves everyone, looks after single demands, and seeks to derive committedness by engagement. Co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic, listens, physiques, averts clash, calms the Waterss Indecisive in crunch state of affairss, can be easy influenced IM 48 Implementer Turns thoughts into practical actions. Disciplined, dependable, conservative and efficient. Slightly inflexible, slow to react to new possibilities Californium 24 Completer closer Ensures the occupation is decently finished. Painstaking, painstaking, dying, searches out mistakes and skips, delivers on clip Inclined to worry unduly, loath to depute, can be a nit-picker. ( Beginning: Conducted by Class Tutor ) My failing are complete finisher. I need to guarantee that the occupation is decently finished or non. I need to develop on clip as good. To acquire more clear position of professional accomplishments, presently which I use Memletic Learning manner stock list. Which is given below: The tonss are out of 20 for each manner. A mark of 20 indicates you use that manner frequently. Style Tonss Ocular 4 Social 13 Physical 10 Aural 13 Verbal 11 Lone 12 Logical 13 Memletic Learning Styles Graph: ( Beginning: www.learning-styles-online.com ) Everybody has its ain strength and failing. Memletic manner helps me to happen out which my heterosexual and failing. From this graphs it is clear that my chief failing is ocular, verbal and lone. And my chief strengths are logical, verbal and societal. To became a successful professional I must necessitate to better my failing because those are my chief obstruction. From graphs it is clear that my chief failing is on ocular. Think it is really of import for a professional individual. This graphs helps me to cognize where I need betterment. And it helps me to better my personal accomplishments2.1 Importance of Skills Audit:A accomplishment audit is an indispensable procedure which helps to mensurate and enter the accomplishments of single or group. The intent of carry oning accomplishments audit are to place the accomplishments presently we have and the accomplishments we need to better. Skills audit helps to reconstitute and develop personal life. Importance of Skills audit: with out accomplishments audit it is impossible to cognize where to better. Using this skills audit information we can better and develop our hereafter program. The chief benefits of accomplishments audits are ; a ) Improve cognition and accomplishments ) Valuable and valid work topographic point plan. , degree Celsius ) Increase productiveness. The accomplishments audit based on three things, those are a ) Behavioural accomplishments, B ) Technical cognition, B ) Other cognition. I have conducted self appraisal accomplishments audit which I given below.Skills Audited account:Knowledge and accomplishments which I consider to be of import for my current Job Your Ability Rating ( 1-5 ) or strong / weak / someplace in between I am a good squad participant. Always try to assist other Friendly which helps to our occupation done decently. I am witting about client demands. I ne'er ignore client complain. Strong Knowledge and accomplishments which I consider to be of import for my hereafter calling Your Ability Rating ( 1-5 ) or strong / weak / someplace in between Involve my ego in different topographic points at my work Necessitate more experience in peculiar place. Need to better communicating accomplishment. Legal issue. Missing of organisational leading accomplishments Poor ( Beginning: Conducted by Class Tutor )Rating Ability:= Some consciousness but non sufficiently competent to utilize it, = Familiar with and able to utilize the cognition or accomplishment ( some competence ) , = Proficient in the cognition or accomplishment and able to demo others how to utilize it = Expert with a high grade of accomplishment and/or comprehensive cognition From the accomplishments audit tolls I found myself need to work hard on communications accomplishments, because it is really of import and need to cognize more about organisational leading accomplishments. And my chief strengths are helpful and difficult worker and client service. 2.2 SWOT Analysis and Precedences: SWOT analysis is tool through which we can place our Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat. For the Personal scheme, SWOT analysis has a bold impact. It helps us for future program and my current state of affairs, where I have improve for my bright bearer. Harmonizing to quintcareers.com web site Randall and Katharine described that SWOT analysis helps to capitalise our strength and over come the hereafter. The demonstrate that SWOT analysis dived into parts -a ) Internal personal development, B ) External personal development.Personal SWOT AnalysisInternal Strength Failing Education Movable Skills Personal characteristicsA Good contactsLack of Work ExperienceWeak proficient cognitionExternal Opportunity MenaceEnhancing instructionPositive tendenciesOpportunities for professional developmentStrong webLack of the advanced education/traininglimited professional developmentAFrom this SWOT analysis, I found that I still I have some strength and chance and some failing. For my personal development I can analyze more which will assist me develop my bearer. I have another strength that is movable accomplishments which helps me to be a good squad member. My failing are deficiency of work experience and proficient cognition. My chance and menace, I can travel for farther instruction to construct up my calling and so I will acquire to be involve with more professional development and strong web.My Five Future Precedences:Higher Education: After finishing this class I will travel for farther instruction which will assist me develop my bearer. Travel: Beyond my higher instruction I will seek to go because it will assist me to contract with different civilization and different people which will assist me to my hereafter. Technical Knowledge: Exploitation of engineering is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. So I will seek to affect my ego to maintain my ego up to day of the month with engineering. Involving with Multinational Company: will work for transnational company because this is a topographic point where I will acquire chance to develop my bearer. To make the end: After finishing my grade and making avobe work I want to make my finish and I want to open my new company and develop my ain organisation.3.1 Personal Development Plan:Developing a PDP My demands How can I run into those demands? My Future Aim What are the challenges in my occupation current that I need to run into? Improve Personal development Opportunity to work at direction Position A Work on personal development that will assist me to work at direction place Where do I desire to be in 2 old ages? To go resource research worker Awareness of resources available outside the squad. Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative, explores chances, develops contacts. Where do I desire to be in 5 or 10 old ages? To go a maker A Shapes the manner the squad operates. Challenging, dynamic, thrives on force per unit area, has the thrust and bravery to get the better of obstructions How does that tantrum in with what the pattern wants? A To go a completer closer A Ensures the occupation is decently finished. Painstaking, painstaking, dying, searches out mistakes and skips, delivers on clip What adjustments will I need to do to accomplish what I want? Travel for farther higher instruction. Be more confident and positive What accommodations will other people need to do for me to accomplish what I want? A Provide me good preparation A After holding my preparation I want to work as resource research worker How can I get the better of my proficient obstruction? A Go for farther preparation It will assist me to be up make day of the month about my on the job topographic point. What helps me to be societal? Be more friendly and helpful It will assist me to be more acceptable in my professional life. What should I see to accomplish my end? To do a personal program and put a mark. Personal program will assist to accomplish my end ; Why I need a balance life? Practicing personal development and follow them decently It will assist me to success all the point of my professional life. Without a program it is non possible to make a finish. A is a way manner where it is written really clearly from where to get down and how to complete. To accomplish a coveted finish every organic structure must hold to hold a program. A individual without a program means a bird with out wings. Here I developed my program in table which screening, my needs 2nd 1 is how can I run into those demand and last 1 is my future aim. Here I tried to explicate my current demands which is most of import for me to accomplish my aims. Obstacles is everyplace. To accomplish my ends I would hold to confront some jobs. But in my development program I found some solutions how to over come it. The last 1 is my future aim. where I tried to happen out after my demands and how can I run into those demands what will be my accomplishment. Not it is more clear for me that what is my personal development program and how can I accomplish my finish.3.2 Obstacle to accomplishing aims:Aim Problem I can confront What are the challenges in my occupation current that I need to run into? Work Experience Communication accomplishment. Missing of Information and preparation. Less Job Opportunity Time direction. This universe is altering really foremost. Every twenty-four hours we are confronting new jobs and able to work out every bit good. New chance are lifting and new jobs come to look to accomplish them. Like that I have some obstructions of my bearer to accomplish the obstruction. First obstruction is my current occupation demand. I am working for a company as a trainer but I want me to see more higher place but I cant range at that place. I must hold to hold higher instruction, work experience, trained myself for suited place and better my communicating accomplishments. Question is that how to get the better of those obstructions? We know that there is job, there is a manner. So every job has its solution. First things is that I must hold to work hard and put a end to over come those obstruction. My first obstruction is missing of preparation. In every company where we want to turn up we need a preparation. I believe with a proper preparation I can get the better of my current occupation demands. To get the better of this job I can contract with my senior directors who can assist me to give right way. Work experience is my another obstruction, to over come this job I think I need to concentrate on clip direction. First I need to put my clip how to use it. It could be give some more clip for work topographic point through which I can acquire more experience. Communication accomplishments are became chief cardinal point for a professional. There is no other picks without holding a communicating accomplishment instruction. I think if I study communicating accomplishments and pattern it will be really helpful for my professional life.3.3 Brooding ReportI have covered a broad scope of subjects in Personal Development Skills. The purpose of this class is to cognize our accomplishments and failing and how to develop them and helps to take any challenges. This capable gives right way for life who wants to prosecute their ends and success. Personal development accomplishment helps me to understand my ain personality and ability to alter. It shows me where is my strengths and failing. For illustration I need to pay attending on organisation and clip direction. This topic helps me to put my nonsubjective and helped me to cognize how can I accomplish them. Now I know my chance and menace and where I have to pay more attending. For illustration – heightening my instruction which will assist me to be more confident. I have covered twosome of appraisal here such as Belbin squad function appraisal which helps me to cognize what types of worker I am. I found myself as a effectual squad participant. Which is my menace but still I need to better to take challenge in critical state of affairs, communicative and originative. Memletic appraisal helps me to cognize what sort of personality I have. Which is rather interesting and informational to cognize yourself. It is really utile tools to better personality. And another one is skill audit tools. Using this tools now I able to cognize where I can work efficaciously and what accomplishments still do I need to go successful in professional life. I conducted personal grind analysis. It really of import to cognize the personal strength, failing, menaces and chance. This analysis helps to place obstruction of bearer and demo how to over come it. Personal development accomplishments helps to measure our accomplishments. This topic helps to put up my ends and shows the way which is full of chance. After analyzing this topic it is clear to me that which is my strength, weaknesses where I have chance. To go a successful professional in future I know at which point have to work more. This is a topic which breaks the obstructions and open the new doors for future. At the terminal I would wish to state that analyzing of personal development accomplishment takes charge of future.