E-Books and Traditional Books

Throughout history of people, writing is the most significant way of communication and knowledge sharing. Human written on the walls and stones in the beginning. After that papers took the place of walls and stones. At the present time, thanks to technological advancement, lettering can write on electronic devices that called as e-books. This situation causes argument between e-book and paper book. It is argued that e-books will take the place of paper books in the future; in spite of benefits of e-books people should paper books, since it causes negative results such as physical sickness on human body, being less interactive and being easily copied. It is claimed that e-books can be read anywhere such as on the bus, in a cafe, subway, airplanes thanks to computer and smart phones; however this advantages result in physical sickness on human body. Computers and smart phones can have hundred of e-books in their memories. For this reason their using areas increasing day to day. Nevertheless this situation is not suitable in terms of human health. Because of making heavy weather of electronic devices for instance looking at screen for a long time, some disorders observable such as eye strain and headaches. Furthermore, due to screen resolution lower than paper, reading on e-books is more difficult. It is clear that e-books devices are harmful for human body. Another frequently heard arguments in favour of e-books is based on thanks to e-books nature is protected, however electronic books without paper less interactive. It stated that forests are destroyed for paper. Therefore e-books are appearing like eco-friend. Nonetheless only old and broken trees are cut to produce paper. In addition, electronic books are lower interaction between reader and writer. As Stokes states e-books are make it difficult to easily mark them up via underlining, highlighting and marginal notes (n. d). In briefly, paper books should be preferred in terms of interaction. Although it is argued that e- books are more available in global world and they are more economic, they are make it difficult to duplicate. It is often maintained that when you have a laptop and wireless internet connection, you can download all of books. Besides cost of e-books are lower than printed versions due to no printing expenses. However, e-books can be downloaded and shared via internet. Thanks to computer and smart phones, e-books are copied without difficult. Besides e-books can be easily hacked,stolen,lost on the internet without approval from the author or publisher. It is indicated in Wikipedia, duplicating of paper books in an amateur printing press is more difficult. To sum up, traditional books should be prefer by readers because they are more interactive, more reliable for preventing to copy and they do not have physical sickness on human body. Even if electronic devices are improved rapidly, none of them can not give friendliness and paper smell of traditional books to readers. They might be our closed friend whatever our age.

Christian love

Christianity is often associated with several key concepts, two of which are love and justice.   However, it is crucial to define these two terms to arrive at a clearer understanding.   This paper seeks to discuss the Christian view of love and justice. What is love? More importantly, what is Christian love? What are the characteristics of Christian love? Paul B. Henry enumerates the characteristics. One, love is â€Å"voluntarily given.[1]† It is not forced, or demanded.   Christian love is all about willingness to give and share.   One cannot seek love; it can only be received if it is willingly delivered.   It cannot be called love if it is by force or manipulation.   One should not be compelled to submit.   Love is only love when it is willingly given; it cannot be derived any other way.   Suppose a woman is engaged to be married to a man her parents chose for her.   She does not love this person, but she will marry him.   The marriage may demand her to love her husband, and she might.   However, this is not real love.   Real love is not demanded or demanding.   It is always willing. Second, love is â€Å"personally mediated.[2]†Ã‚   Christian love is personal.   There is no such thing as loving impersonally.   Since love is voluntary, it follows that is also personal.   It is simply because when one willingly gives something, it automatically denotes a personal decision.   Say for example, a college student decides to give a friend a gift, even when there is no occasion. The gift comes from the willingness to give, and the act of giving is personal decision.   This person decided to give a present out of her own free will.   In turn, the choice of the gift is personal as well.   Love is personal insofar as it exhibits the exercise of one’s free will. Third, love always entails sacrifice.   One wants give up something for the welfare of another.   Suppose a mother has enough money to purchase a new pair of shoe to replace her old, worn pair.   At the last minute, however, her child needs something for a class project.   The mother will then postpone the purchase of the shoes to give way to her daughter.   Because there is no extra money, the mother will put the child’s need first.   That is sacrifice. Lastly, love is â€Å"beyond ordinary moral obligation.[3]†Ã‚   To begin with, it is not an obligation.   If one is feels the need to fulfill an obligation, it is not voluntary.   It is not personal, either.   It is because there will be an external factor that will burden to oblige. Now that the main characteristics of love have been discussed, justice should also be elucidated.   What characterizes Christian justice? First, justice should apply to all.   It is â€Å"universal, eternal and objective.[4]†Ã‚   Since God is the Supreme Being that reigns through all the creatures of the earth, justice should also cover everything that God created Second, justice should also be contained within a specific social structure[5].   God’s creations are diverse, and the people themselves are diverse.   If justice was constructed as such that it was too general, it would not appeal to the specific attributes.   Justice may be universal but it is not general. Third, justice provides methods and guidelines that when followed, it will further the premises of justice[6].   Take human rights, for example.   If human rights are honored, people will be respected and treated as individuals, and when human beings are treated as human beings, there is justice. Fourth, justice is objective and stands apart from human intervention.   The rules of justice will not be bent because of human volition.   It can stand alone, and must be applied to all.   Subjectivity can only cause injustice.   As was earlier mentioned, justice is universal yet specific. The characteristics of love and justice have been dealt with, and the focus is now on both concepts.   How are love and justice related? Can they exist together? How does love and justice differ? How are they similar? According to Henry, â€Å"love and justice cannot stand juxtaposed.[7]†Ã‚   It is because love may transcend the very concept of justice, but it cannot be sustained with something less that justice.   Both concepts are related but the relationship between the two cannot be called equal.   It is not equal because the premises of one concept may exceed or fall short of the other. For example, justice can exert power to achieve its desired effect, but love cannot do the same.   As was earlier discussed, love must be voluntary.   It cannot demand results.   It must not resort to force to establish its ends.   On the other hand, justice exerts power to maintain its characteristics.   For one, for justice to subsist in a specific social order, power must be applied. David Tracy also points out a dependency between love and justice.   Justice needs love in the sense that it must not be abusive of its power.   The two concepts should co-exist in a way that both can manifest their differences but at the same time, highlight their similarities.     Tracy writes: â€Å"Love should empower all Christians to struggle for the self-affirmation intrinsic to the struggle for justice†¦[8]† Here in this statement, he describes that love can fulfill its end, an end that is needed in the fulfillment of justice.   He also states that love should always consider justice, because without it, it can be overtly â€Å"sentimental.[9]†Ã‚   Moreover, justice should also be with love because it might be too preoccupied with power.   It might be â€Å"self-righteous.[10]† Love and justice are indeed two important and related key concepts of Christianity.   Love is willing, it is deeply personal, it entails self-sacrifice and it is beyond an obligation.   When one says â€Å"God is Love,† these characteristics come to mind.   God’s love is willing; He does not demand love from His people.   He wants His people to love Him willingly. Despite the number of people He created, His love for each and every one is personal.   He sacrificed His own Son to save the people from sin.   Lastly, He loves not out of obligation; He loves because He wants to.   In addition, God is universal and eternal, and His terms of justice are objective.   These two concepts come from God, and these concepts describe Him too.   This is the Christian view of love and justice. Bibliography Henry, Paul. â€Å"Love, Power and Justice,† Christian Century (1977): 1088. Tracy, David. â€Å"God is Love: The Central Christian Metaphor,† The Living Pulpit 1, no.3 (1992): 10. [1]Paul B. Henry, â€Å"Love, Power and Justice,† Christian Century (1977): 1088. [2] Ibid. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] David Tracy, â€Å"God is Love: The Central Christian Metaphor,† The Living Pulpit 1,no. 3 (1992):10. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid.

Napoleons Warfare Strategies And Tactics On Modern Day...

Napoleon Bonaparte is credited with being a great military tactician as well as a military genius during his era. He played a significant role in world history and the art of war. The man’s genius was fundamentally practical, and all the military concepts he used were attributed to his close study that he did of his earlier commanders, predominantly Fredrick the Great. He did not trust any novel idea and thus by no means used other people’s concepts. He made the fullest utilization of the notions of his predecessors, which he breathed life into them making them successful. Napoleon had to be strategic in order to be victorious in his conquests. The skills, strategies and tactics he used in the battlegrounds were desired and thus copied by many during his era and up today. Warfare especially during the Napoleonic era fundamentally changed modern warfare and continues to be the main reason the military studies Napoleon today. It impacted the battles of today. This essayâ €™s main purpose is to point out the impacts of Napoleon’s warfare strategies and tactics on modern day warfare. It will analyze the principles Napoleon used during his era, and they include the theory of nationalism, creation of the corps’ system and leading disciplined and professional armies. The principle of the theory of nationalism is all about being patriotic. Napoleon used this principle during his time and it is highly implemented by military today. Nationalism refers to being loyal and devoted to one’sShow MoreRelatedMilitary Historians And Theorists Postulate That Napoleon Invented Modern Warfare916 Words   |  4 PagesMany military historians and theorists postulate that Napoleon invented modern warfare. This belief is not true. Although there are aspects of how Napoleon fought that are used by many modern armies today, and his tactics and philosophy of fighting should continue to be studied, Napoleonic warfare is not fundamentally similar to modern warfare. Napoleon implemented ideas that modern armies use today; however the Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMAs) of the Franco-Prussian Wars and American CivilRead MoreThe War Of The French Revolution1676 Words   |  7 Pageswars had the most lasting impact on western warfare. The explosion of the Frenc h revolution in 1789 is regarded today as an important event in modern history. Different aspects of the French revolution influenced the world affairs today. Therefore, war is an action has a principle to guide the force supported by sustainment, and to compel your enemy you should have the superiority, which comes from the innovation of organization, technology and tactics. Then, from my point of view, the desire ofRead MoreNAPOLEON’S INFLUENCE ON MODERN WESTERN MILITARY ARMIES Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesNAPOLEON’S INFLUENCE ON MODERN WESTERN MILITARY ARMIES History 100, Staff Group A, CGSC Class 14-001 27 March 2014 1 Throughout history, military leaders have immortalized their legacies by vanquishing their enemies in the battlefield against overwhelming odds. Soldiers and historians have revered their accomplishments by studying their mastery in the art of warfare with the hopes mimicking their accomplishments. Of them all, Napoleon Bonaparte is considered the best military leader in the historyRead MoreModern Warfare1061 Words   |  5 PagesModern warfare ranges from small to large campaigns with military fundamentals shaping the battlefield. However, none has a more significant value as the Napoleonic eras. Although France is no longer a dominant power, its military fundamentals influence the United States (U.S.) military. The U.S. military employs three Napoleonic era fundamentals of Command and Control (C2), professional military, and nationalism. These fundamentals shape the U.S. military during peace and war. Maintaining peaceRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme And Waterloo1488 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Somme and Waterloo; he thoroughly examined the advancements of industrialization in warfare and battle strategy between 1815 and 1916. The industrialization of modern warfare during the battle of the Somme, while progressive, was very much still in its experimental stages. While the inventions during this time period were later evolved into much more useful products, it seems as though the organized warfare in Waterloo was much more effective; the soldier’s mediocre training for the Somme wasRead MorePrussian Military Reforms Essay2273 Words   |  10 Pagesstudents of war and future players in this transforming theatre, the study of eras of significant development is an extremely relevant pursuit. Recognizing the need for adaptation and the creation of doctrine is now a prerequisite for any effective modern commander. War is unpredictable in nature and particularly so in current theatres of operation, in which change is rapid and volatile. Examination and deliberation on periods of past development in the conduct of war is an immensely important necessityRead More Napoleon Essay example1936 Words   |  8 PagesNapoleon â€Å"I live only for posterity, death is nothing, but to live without glory is to die every day† (Lefebvre 43). Napoleon was driven by his desire for glory and ambition and his ascension was tremendous. Born in Corsica, his family moved to France, in Marseilles, when he was only a child. From the state of a â€Å"lieutenant,† at the age of sixteen, to the one of emperor in 1804, till reigning over the European continent after his conquest of Prussia, his ascension was not only dueRead MoreThe Evolution Of Logistics Within Warfare1164 Words   |  5 PagesWhen considering the evolution of logistics in warfare, it is important to realize that both opportunities and problems must be recognized for the former to be capitalized upon and the latter to be resolved. The first recorded war occurred in approximately 2700 BC; however, the prevailing attitude towards logistics in warfare remained largely unchanged for approximately 4,600 years, and that is a problem. Even among recognized experts in warfare, up until the 20th century, logistics was eschewedRead MoreTechnological Advances And Its Impact On The United States1900 Words   |  8 Pagescolonial progenitors. During the roughly four centuries in which this fighting force has existed, it has undergone numerous changes of varying degrees of significance. Technological advances have changed the nature of both defensive and offensive warfare, political advances have changed the nature of the relationship between the civilian population and its protectors, and geostrategic shifts have changed the role of the United States military with respect to the rest of the world. The most lastingRead More William B. Willcoxs The Age of Aristocracy Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pagesthe periods of warfare, but here the scope and breadth of the book come into conflict with the substance of the history. Simply put, there is simply too much information in the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of th e Polish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the War for American Independence, and the Napoleonic Wars for any of them to assume much life in just over two hundred pages. It is in the chapter devoted to the American Revolution that Willcoxs strategy of focusing on prominent

Learning Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin Chinese is a difficult language to learn, especially given its unintuitive pronunciations and use of characters rather than an alphabet system. Learning Chinese can be a daunting idea, and often many beginner students dont know where to start. If you are feeling overwhelmed, this guide can give you the basic building blocks of Chinese grammar, introductory vocabulary, and pronunciation tips to help you build a foundation in Chinese. Be sure to click on hyperlinked text to access each lesson. The 4 Mandarin Tones Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language. Meaning, the way a syllable is pronounced in terms of sound and tone changes its meaning. For example, the syllable ma can mean horse, mother, scold, or hemp depending on which tone is used. Mastery of the four  Mandarin tones  is the essential first step to  learning this language. The  four Mandarin tones  are high and level, rising, falling then rising, and falling. You must be able to pronounce  and  understand the Mandarin Tones.   Once you have learned the tones, you can start learning new vocabulary and phrases while learning pinyin Romanization. Reading and writing Chinese characters is the last step. Mandarin Pronunciation Guide There are 37 unique sounds in Mandarin Chinese, which consist of 21 consonants and 16 vowels. Through a myriad of combinations, around 420 different syllables can be produced and are used in the Chinese language.   Lets take the Chinese word for often as an example. The character  Ã¥ ¸ ¸ is pronounced as chà ¡ng, which is a combination of the sounds ch and ang.   The sound  chart in this guide has audio files of all 37 sounds along with their Pinyin spellings. Pinyin Romanization Pinyin  is a way to write Chinese using the Roman (Western) alphabet. It is the most common of many forms of  Romanization, and is used in most teaching materials particularly for Western students learning Chinese. Pinyin allows beginner  Mandarin  students to read and write Chinese without using Chinese characters. This allows students to concentrate on spoken Mandarin before tackling the formidable task of  learning Chinese characters.   Because pinyin has many pronunciations  which are unintuitive to English speakers, it is necessary to study the pinyin system to avoid pronunciation errors.   Introduction to PinyinPinyin Pronunciation Essential Vocabulary Of course, there is a seemingly endless of vocabulary words to learn. Ease yourself in by starting with some of the most commonly used, everyday Chinese words. In order to refer to people in a conversation, you will need to know Mandarin pronouns. This is the equivalent to terms like I, you, he, she, they, we.  Mandarin words for colors  is also elementary vocabulary that can be easily learned. As you see different colors in your everyday life, try and remember the Chinese word for it.   Understanding Mandarin numbers  is also a good place to start. After you have mastered reading, writing, and pronouncing numbers, learning  calendar terms  (such as days  in  the week and months) and how to  tell time  will be easier.   Conversation Topics As you progress in your mastery of Mandarin, you will be able to have conversations. These lessons will prepare you for conversing about particular topics. All conversations start with a greeting. Learn Mandarin greetings  to be able to say hello or good afternoon! In introducing yourself, common questions might be where are you from? or where do you live? This handy list of  Mandarin names for North American cities  can help you respond. Many social events and get-togethers happen at restaurants. Learning  food vocabulary  and  restaurant vocabulary  can be helpful so that you know what to order or how to ask for help if you need another pair of chopsticks. If you are traveling in a Chinese-speaking country, you may be staying in a hotel or have to deal with banking in terms of withdrawing money, exchanging money, and so on. These  hotel vocabulary  and  banking vocabulary  lessons can be a good addition. Mandarin Grammar Mandarin Chinese grammar is very different from English and other Western languages. The first step is learning basic  Mandarin sentence Structures. For a beginner-level Mandarin student, it is also important to know how to  ask questions in Chinese  because asking questions is the best way to learn about a language and a culture. Particularly helpful questions to know include how do you say X in Chinese? or what does this idiom mean?  Ã‚   An interesting difference between English and Chinese is the use of  Mandarin measure words. For instance, in English one would say a piece of paper or a loaf of bread. In these examples, piece and loaf are measure words for the nouns paper and bread. In Chinese, there are many more measure words. Reading and Writing Chinese Characters Chinese characters  are the hardest part of learning Mandarin. There are over 50,000 Chinese characters, and a dictionary will typically list 20,000 characters. An educated Chinese person will know around 8,000 characters. And to read a newspaper you must learn about 2,000 to read a newspaper. The point is, there are a lot of characters! While the only way to really learn characters is to memorize them, knowing character  radicals  can give you some hints too. Engaging with beginner-level  Chinese text and books  can be a great way to practice. If you want to practice by writing Chinese online, here is how you can  write Chinese characters using Windows XP.

The Great Gatsby Book Report Essay - 3269 Words

Summary At the onset of this book, the reader is introduced to the narrator, Nick Carraway, who relates the past happenings that construct the story of Jay Gatsby and Nick during the summer of 1922. After fighting in World War I, or the Great War as Nick called it, Nick left his prominent family in the West of America for the North where he intended to learn the bond business. Nick was originally supposed to share a house in West Egg near New York City with an associate of his, but the man backed out and so Nick lived with only a Finnish cook. Right next door, Gatsby lived in a glorious mansion with expansive gardens and a marble swimming pool, among other luxuries. Yet Nick did not even hear about Gatsby until he went to visit his†¦show more content†¦They met again in New York and took a taxi to the apartment that Tom had purchased for the two of them. Myrtle called her sister Catherine and the McKees that she and Tom were friends with on the phone and the six of them sat around i n the apartment and got exceptionally drunk once they arrived. During this time, Nick learned about Tom and Myrtle, as well as the fact that neither of them could stand their spouse. Nick could hardly remember what had gone on that night at the apartment and the next thing he knew, he was in Penn Station waiting for the four o’ clock train to go home. Every weekend, Nick’s next door neighbor Gatsby had extravagant parties at his house. One Saturday morning, Gatsby’s butler came to Nick’s house and invited him to the party that was to be held that evening. Nick showed up that night, not knowing a soul there, and not even knowing what the host himself looked like. He soon found Jordan, and spent the rest of the evening with her. Nick found himself speaking with a man he recognized from the war. Nick told him that he did not even know who the host was, but that he had just been invited by him. The man looked puzzled and then told Nick that he was Gatsby. Both were embarrassed and apologized to each other. At that moment, a butler appeared and told Gatsby of a phone call that he had to attend to. Gatsby excused himself and said that he would talk to Nick later thatShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1741 Words   |  7 PagesBook Report The Great Gatsby Book Report Book Written by F. Scott Fitzgerald This report is based upon the book, The Great Gatsby, written by Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald. This book is published by Simon Schuster in 2004, and it is an imprint of Charles Scribner’s Sons, originally published in 1925. It is also considered as one of Francis Fitzgerald’s â€Å"magnum opus† or great work. Introduction Do you appreciate a good mystery? In the Great Gatsby, Francis Fitzgerald gives a glimpse inside theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1239 Words   |  5 PagesMs. Dettmar English III 15 October 2015 Luhramann’s Film – A Great Adaptation of The Great Gatsby Through Nick’s narration in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Gatsby’s possessive personality and his blind love for Daisy eventually lead to the failure of his American dream. When casting the movie of The Great Gatsby, Baz Luhramann may have changed some of the dialogue, but he does stay unflinchingly true to the spirit of the book and its morals, which I think is vastly more important. ThusRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1506 Words   |  7 Pages(Boardman 71). People of the 1920s used Prohibition to get ahead in society by selling alcohol illegally. F. Scott Fitzgerald, wrote, The Great Gatsby, which takes place in Long Island, near New York City, during the 1920s. In the novel, the main character, Jay Gatsby, is a successful man who has participated in shady businesses to get what he wants. In, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald portrays the corruption of American society using Prohibition and how it brought about the rise of organized crime in theRead MoreEssay about Great Gatsby862 Words   |  4 PagesScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby / Gatsbys Desire for Daisy exploring why Gatsby had such an obsessive desire for Daisy. The writer purports that Gatsby began by pursuing an ideal, not the real woman. In fact, he could not recognize the type of person she had become since they last saw each other. Gatsby lives in a dream world and Daisy is part of that dream. As the novel progresses, however, Gatsbys feelings change. Bibliography lists Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby : The Role of NickRead MoreAp Book Analysis Of The Great Gatsby959 Words   |  4 PagesAP Book Report 1. Title of Work: 2. Author and date written: The author who wrote the was was F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the era of when the book was written was 1920’s. 3. Country of author: Fitzgerald was raised in St. Paul Minnesota but was later shipped off to boarding school in New Jersey. 4.Characters (label as major and minor) Major:Jay Gatsby- Gatsby was a big entrepreneur with â€Å"new money† and was one of the wealthiest men in the city, he had a long lost love named Daisy, they loved eachRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1437 Words   |  6 PagesJacob Levy Language Arts 3/29/16 Gatsby Paper The Impact of Money Money plays a huge role throughout this book. Especially in a negative way. Let us look at how money affects each character. First is Tom who is born into a rich family, was a great football player and became an old man with thinning hair and an awful, arrogant and cruel personality. This exposes to us that Tom is a cruel and immoral individual because of wealth and that beyond a doubt he has been persuaded and corrupted by the greedRead MoreProhibition in the Great Gatsby1355 Words   |  6 Pagessale of alcohol. The law was put into effect to lower the crime and corruption rates in the United States in the 1920s. It was also said to reduce social problems and lower taxes. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald examines the negative repercussions of prohibition on the economy, characters in the Great Gatsby, and on the different social classes of the 1920s. Prohibition was passed to eradicate the demand for liquor but had the inadvertent effect to raise the crime rates in American. RobertRead MoreAmerican Dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay examples1233 Words   |  5 Pagesobsessed with greed. In his classic book, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald shows how the American dream of â€Å"hard work, determination, and devotion† was deteriorating because society had become greedy and materialistic. In addition, moral values were in decline and that was illustrated by Tom Buchannan and his affair with Myrtle, Jay Gatsby and his illegal bootlegging business, and Daisy Buchannan and her affair with Gatsby. Tom Buchannan, a major antagonist in The Great Gatsby, contributes greatly to the declineRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And F. Scott Fitzgerald1456 Words   |  6 Pagesmy cocky and immature counterparts. The Great Gatsby and F. Scott Fitzgerald American novelist Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, best known by his pen name F. Scott Fitzgerald, is regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century, his stories coinciding with the Jazz Age. Most notable of his many novels is The Great Gatsby. Many see this piece as being quite similar to his own life, that characters such as the novel s protagonist Jay Gatsby and narrator Nick Carraway reflect thisRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesN. Bhaskar Ms. Budacki American Literature 19 December 2013 Author Report on F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the greatest American authors. Many of Fitzgerald’s novels are considered classics and will forever be read. Fitzgerald is most known for his novels detailing the youth of America in the 1920s to the 1930s. Many of these books that Fitzgerald wrote are based of his life experiences. Fitzgerald is considered a literary genius and also lived a very interesting life.

Greek Beliefs and Culture Essay Example For Students

Greek Beliefs and Culture Essay Greek beliefs changed over time. In the beginning the Greeks believed strongly in the gods. These ideas were very similar to those of earlier peoples (Craig, Graham, et. al. 57). The Greek gods shared many of the same characteristics of the Mesopotamian deities (Craig, Graham, et. al. 57). The Greek pantheon consisted of the twelve gods who lived on Mount Olympus (Craig, Graham, et. al. 83). These gods were: -Zeus, the father of the gods, -Hera, his wife, -Zeuss siblings: Poseidon, his brother, god of seas and earthquakes, Hestia, his sister, goddess of the hearth, Demeter, his sister, goddess of agriculture and marriage, -Zeuss children: Aphrodite, goddess of love and beauty, Apollo, god of sun, music, poetry, and prophecy, Ares, god of war, Artemis, goddess of the moon and the hunt, Athena, goddess of wisdom and the arts, Hephaestus, god of fire and metallurgy, -Hermes, messenger of the gods (Craig, Graham, et. l. 83). The gods were seen as behaving very much as mortal humans behaved, except that they possessed superhuman qualities and they were immortal (Craig, Graham, et. al. 83). These qualities are shown in many of the stories that are passed down through Greek history. The Greeks respect for their gods came partially out of fear. An example of superhuman qualities to be feared is stated in Theogony: Then Zeus no longer held back his might; but straight his heart w as filled with fury and he showed forth all his strength. From Heaven and from Olympus he came immediately, hurling his lightning: the bolts flew thick and fast from his strong hand together with thunder and lightning, whirling an awesome flame. The life-giving earth crashed around in burning, and the vast wood crackled loud with fire all about. All the land seethed, and Oceans streams and the unfruitful sea. The hot vapor lapped round the earthborn Titans: flame unspeakable rose to the bright upper air: the flashing glare of the thunderstone and lightning blinded their eyes for all that they were strong(Hesiod 10). The Greeks believed that the will of the gods was sacred: So it is not possible to deceive or go beyond the will of Zeus: (Hesiod 9). As time continued the Greeks beliefs changed in some ways. Some Greeks began to speculate about the nature of the world and its origin. In doing this they made guesses that were completely naturalistic and did not include any reference to supernatural powers or anything else divine (Craig, Graham, et. al. 57). They were one of the first societies to use nature to explain natural events. The Greeks began to lose their beliefs in the divine as Euthyphro says in Euthyphro: for when I speak in the assembly about divine things, and foretell the future to them, they laugh at me and think me a madman. (Plato 2). The relative unimportance of divinity helped to characterize Greek views of law and justice. Although most Greeks liked to think that laws came from the gods, they realized that the laws were made by humans and should be obeyed because they represented the expressed consent of the citizens (Craig, Graham, et. al. 57). These new beliefs led to the characteristic Greek institution of the polis. Polis means city-state. All Greek poleis began as little agricultural villages and they all had a sense of being independent political units. The poleis were generally a group of relatives where all the citizens were theoretically descended from a common ancestor (Craig, Graham, et. al. 77). In The Heritage of World Civilizations it is stated: Aristotle argued that the polis was a natural growth and that the human being is by nature an animal who lives in a polis. .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 , .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .postImageUrl , .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 , .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821:hover , .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821:visited , .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821:active { border:0!important; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821:active , .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821 .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28db84fdfcab5f0583f60b31e53ee821:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Epidemiology Of Tuberculosis ( Tb ) EssayHumans alone have the power of speech and from it derive the ability to distinguish good from bad and right from wrong, and the sharing of these things is what makes a household and a polis. (Craig, Graham, et. al. 77). This means that the Greeks realized that they could decide for themselves what was good and bad, and accounts for why they abandoned such strong beliefs in the gods and their decrees. With the development of the polis came need for a way to enforce the laws and pass judgement on the laws. Before the laws were ones of the gods. Now the laws were ones of the citizens of the polis and they had to pass judgement on fellow Greeks in order to create a healthy society. The work Euthyphro is the story of two men Socrates and Euthyphro who are going to court. Socrates is being faced with a charge brought against him by another Greek and Euthyphro is bringing a charge against his own father (Plato 1-18). The Greeks started out believing in the gods alone. They believed that everything that the gods said was good, and they should do whatever those gods told them to do. In the beginning the Greeks did not think for themselves they simply listened to what others before them said. As time progressed the Greek society evolved. The Greeks begin to question things that had been told to them. They begin to think for themselves. They learned that they could decide what was best for themselves and their society. They never lost complete faith in the gods. They continued to worship the gods, but they learned to make their own laws and to pass their own judgement on those laws.

Revolutions of 1848 The conflict in interests bet Essays

Revolutions of 1848: The conflict in interests between urban middle-class and working class The revolutions throughout 1848 were aimed to politically reform countries across Europe and assure that discrimination based upon social class would be abolished when resolving political issues. Living with the ideology that everyone is treated equally by government no m atter what social class you belong to is something that we today take for granted. Sadly, this was an everyday issue for many European countries. T hroughout this essay I will give evidence to demonstrate how these revolutions drastically failed and that the wo rking class always seemed to be blatantly discriminated against. I will be looking at examples of social discrimination and separation amongst the social classes in countries including Czech Republic and conflict between the upper-class Austrian garrison and the lower class Milanese civilians during the tobacco riot. The first example that I am going to talk about regarding the lack of consideration for the working class involves the Czech Republic, where the liberal organization called for a public meeting at the Saint Vaclav's Baths in order to discuss th e announcement of the revolution. Here, several thousand people turned out, which for a population that was significantly smaller than it is today, was an extremely large and impressive turn out. Less than half of these people in attendance were of the middle-class . This is stated in Mike Rapport's book Year of Revolution' states that "eight hundred of the more 'respectable' demonstrators- young intellectuals, officials, burghers, artisans, almost all of them Czech- were allowed into the baths" These baths were warm and sheltered and were a big upgrade on where the working class attendants would be situated. Rapport then goes on to tell us where the working class would be situated during the meeting: " The excluded workers huddles together in the street, battered by a heavy rain." This description by Rapport puts into perspective just how blatantly unfair the working class were treated in comparison to the middle-class. Furthermore, during this meeting a pe tition announced which was deman ding that more jobs were made available to the middle-class with a suitable wage level where the working class could not steal their jobs by willing to work for substantially less. The petition also called for the labor obligations to be revoked from the working class as the middle-class wanted the working class to have no laws and regulations protecting them when working. Having no labor obligations could mean that work for the working class could become a lot more dangerous and there would perhaps be no certainty of receiving any pay for the work they do. However, why do the middle-class treat the working class with such little to no respect? Well this would all be explained by the revolt in 1844 where the working class drove the middle class out of their jobs causing the middle class to retaliate. In 1844 whilst the industrial revolution was going on the boom in heavy industrial processes was going on. At this time in the industrial revolution , I believe three classes existed , l ower, middle and upper class. The lower-class being the peasants' with minimal to no education and living in extremely poor conditions. The middle-class being the well-educated and hard working with degrees who had jobs such as engineers, lawyers, doctors and craftsman. Then the upper-class or in other words could be described as the elites' who would have priorities including showing off their wealth by wearing expensive fashionable clothing and attending social events with fellow upper-class associates. T he men of the upper-class would typically dress in a three-piece suit with dress pants and dress shoes, whilst the women would wear matching jacket and skirt worn with a high-collared shirt. Simply by briefly describing each class it's obvious to distinguish the differences between them. The gap between each class is large, especially from lower to upper . The upper-class looked down on both the middle and lower, considering both peasants, whilst the middle-class disliked both, the y looked down at the lower-class as worthless and disliked the upper-class as they considered them lazy and people with too much political power. Therefore, when